<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2018-0-2-19-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-201</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюция европейских санкций: от единичных мер до консолидированной политики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evolution of European Sanctions:  From Individual Measures to Consolidated Policy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Силаева</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Silaeva</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>атташе Департамента общеевропейского сотрудничества</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Attaché of the Department of European cooperation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v1ctoriasilaeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Министерство иностранных дел России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Силаева В.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Силаева В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Silaeva V.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/201">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/201</self-uri><abstract><p>В современном мире на фоне растущего нежелания и неготов-ности большинства государств применять военную силу возрастает роль альтер-нативных способов принуждения и инструментов оказания воздействия в меж-дународных отношениях, таких как экономические и неэкономические санкции. В последние годы они заняли прочное место в структуре внешнеполитических инструментов Европейского союза. И хотя система имплементации и мониторинга еще далека от совершенства, ряд примеров показывает, что удалось достичь существенного прогресса в консолидации санкционной политики ЕС на наднациональном уровне. В статье рассматривается эволюция институционально-правовых основ и механизмов координации политики Европейского союза в области экономических ограничительных мер, а также приведено подробное описание существующих на данный момент способов выработки и имплементации различных санкционных инструментов. Можно выделить три этапа развития институтов в сфере ограничительных мер: на «нулевом» этапе санкции не координировались на уровне ЕС и вводились государствами индивидуально, однако с развитием экономической взаимозависимости союзников, потребовались инструменты обмена информацией и мнениями, появившиеся на первом этапе и развившиеся в полноценные обязывающие механизмы на втором. На примере антииранских санкций показано, какие схемы были выработаны для повышения эффективности санкционной политики и получили дальнейшее распространение и развитие, в том числе при выработке политики санкций в отношении России.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In modern world, as more and more states are reluctant to apply direct military force, the role of non-military instruments of coercion such as economic sanctions augments in international relations. In recent years economic sanctions have become firmly anchored in the system of European instruments of foreign policy. Although their implementation and monitoring still requires substantial improvements, progress and high level of consolidation can be witnessed on several recent examples. The article focuses on the evolution of the institutional basis and the mechanisms of coordination of the European Union policy in the sphere of restrictive measures, as well as detailed analysis of current tools of elaboration and implementation of various economic foreign instruments. Three stages can be distinguished in the evolution of European restrictive measures. Originally, there was no coordination as sanctions were introduced by nation states separately and individually. However, with the rise of economic interdependency of the allies there appeared new instruments for the exchange of information and opinions that have evolved into strictly binding mechanisms we can witness today. The example of Iranian sanctions shows what new schemes have been elaborated to increase the effectiveness of sanctions policy and how they have spread and developed, including to work out sanctions against Russia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>антииранские санкции</kwd><kwd>антироссийские санкции</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>Общая внешняя политика и политика безопасности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>Iranian sanctions</kwd><kwd>anti-Russian sanctions</kwd><kwd>European  Union</kwd><kwd>Common foreign and security policy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балуев Д. Эволюция экономических санкций как инструмента внешней политики от Второй мировой войны до санкций против России // Международные процессы. –2014. – Том 12. – № 3 (38). – С. 23–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adebahr C. Easing EU Sanctions on Iran. Atlantic Council, South Asia Center, 2014. – URL: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Easing_EU_Sanctions_on_Iran.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жданов Ю. Н. Принудительные меры в международном праве. Дис… д-р. юрид. наук. М., 1998. – 378 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adebahr C. EU – Iran Relations: A Strategic Assessment. Carnegie Europe, June 26, 2014. –URL: http://carnegieeurope.eu/2014/06/23/eu-iran-relations-strategic-assessment-pub-55984</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нешатаева Т. Н. Санкции системы ООН. Международно-правовой аспект. – М.: Изд-во Иркутского ун-та, 1992. – 149 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baluev D. Evolyuciya ekonomicheskih sankcij kak instrumenta vneshnej politiki ot Vtoroj mirovoj vojny do sankcij protiv Rossii [Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool from World War II to Ukraine]. Mezhdunarodnye processy. Vol. 12, No. 3 (38), 2014. P. 23–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adebahr C.Easing EU Sanctions on Iran // Atlantic Council, South Asia Center, 2014. – URL: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Easing_EU_Sanctions_on_Iran.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blackwill R. D., Harris J.M. War by Other Means. Geoeconomics and Statecraft. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016. 350 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AdebahrC. EU – Iran Relations: A Strategic Assessment // Carnegie Europe, June 26, 2014. – URL: http://carnegieeurope.eu/2014/06/23/eu-iran-relations-strategic-assessment-pub-55984</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Connectivity Wars. Why Migration, Finance and Trade are the Geo-economic Battlefields of the Future. Ed. by Mark Leonard. London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2016. 222 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blackwill R. D., Harris J. M.War by Other Means. Geoeconomics and Statecraft. – Cambridge, MА: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016. – 350 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Early, Bryan R. Busted Sanctions: explaining why economic sanctions fail.Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015. 275 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Connectivity Wars. Why Migration, Finance and Trade are the Geo-economic Battlefields of the Future / Ed. by Mark Leonard. – London: European Council on Foreign Relations, 2016. – 222 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreutz J. Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Sanctions Policy of the European Union 1981 – 2004. Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005. – URL: http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/67/c_67097-l_1-k_paper45.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Early, Bryan R. Busted Sanctions: explaining why economic sanctions fail. – Stanford, CА: Stanford University Press, 2015. – 275 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy Ph. I. Sanctions On South Africa: What Did They Do? Economic Growth Center,Yale University, Center Discussion Paper No. 796, February 1999. – URL: http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp796.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreutz J. Hard Measures by a Soft Power? Sanctions Policy of the European Union 1981–2004 // Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005. – URL: http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/67/c_67097-l_1-k_paper45.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neshataeva T. N. Sankcii sistemy OON. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoj aspect [UN Sanctions. International Legal Aspect]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Irkutskogo universiteta, 1992. 149 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy Ph. I. Sanctions on South Africa: What Did They Do? // Economic Growth Center, Yale University, Center Discussion Paper No. 796, February 1999. – URL: http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp796.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portela C. European Union sanctions and foreign policy: when and why do they work? New York: Routledge, 2010. 207 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portela C.European Union sanctions and foreign policy: when and why do they work? – New York: Routledge, 2010. – 207 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Targeted sanctions: the impacts and effectiveness of United Nations action. Ed. by Thomas J. Biersteker, Sue E. Erckert, Marcos Tourinho. Fundação Getulio, São Paulo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016. 405 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Targeted sanctions: the impacts and effectiveness of United Nations action / Ed. by Thomas J. Biersteker, Sue E. Erckert, Marcos Tourinho// Fundação Getulio, São Paulo. – Сambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016.– 405 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhdanov Yu. N. Prinuditel’nye mery v mezhdunarodnom prave. Dissertatsiya doktora yuridicheskikh nauk [Forced Action in International Law. Dissertation of a PhD in Law]. Moscow, 1998. 378 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
