imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-3-61-77imi-295Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLESЧастные военные и охранные компании в миротворческих операциях ООН: проблемы и перспективыPrivate Military and Security Companies in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Problems and PerspectivesНебольсинаМ. А.NebolsinaМ. A.

Мария Александровна Небольсина, кандидат политических наук, научный сотрудник

119454, Москва, Проспект Вернадского, 76

Maria A. Nebolsina, PhD in Political Science, Researcher

76 Vernadsky Avenue, Moscow, 119454

nebolsinama@gmail.comЦентр евро-атлантической безопасности Института международных исследований МГИМОРоссияCenter of Euro-Atlantic Security of the International Studies Institute, MGIMO UniversityRussian Federation2020301220201136177Copyright © Небольсина М.А., 20202020Небольсина М.А.Nebolsina М.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/295

В то время как некоторые государства-члены ООН воздерживаются от предоставления миротворцев по соображениям безопасности, ООН часто обращается за поддержкой к частному рынку безопасности. В свою очередь, частные военные и охранные компании (ЧВОК) берут на себя рискованные миссии и заполняют пробелы в снабжении. Общепринятой практикой является критика ЧВОК за то, что они не имеют четкого международно-правового статуса, действуют в “серой” зоне права и не несут ответственности за свои действия. Кроме того, ООН часто приравнивает ЧВОК к наемникам прошлого и призывает к строгому регулированию и надзору за их деятельностью. Эта практика осталась неизменной со времени реформ 1992 г., и ООН ничего не сделала для сокращения участия ЧВОК в миротворческих миссиях. Напротив, под давлением лобби частной охранной индустрии она фактически увеличила расходы на пользование услугами ЧВОК на беспрецедентные суммы. Положение ООН как уникальной универсальной межправительственной организации освобождает ее от значительной прозрачности, подотчетности и реформ. В то время как частная охранная индустрия включает в себя различные ЧВОК, которые конкурируют за контракты в зонах конфликтов и постконфликтных районах, у ООН нет никаких конкурентов в миротворческих процедурах. ООН критикует ЧВОК за их нарушения прав человека и пренебрежение международным правом, но продолжает нанимать их для своих миротворческих миссий. В данной статье рассматривается проблема вовлечения ЧВОК в миротворческие операции ООН. Она направлена на то, чтобы ответить на следующие основные вопросы: как ЧВОК, являясь партнерами ООН в миротворческом процессе, способствуют защите прав человека, что является одним из основных декларируемых принципов организации? Могут ли ЧВОК стать признанным инструментом в рамках системы ООН? Улучшатся ли миротворческие усилия ООН в результате найма ЧВОК?

While some of the UN member states refrain from providing peacekeepers due to security reasons, the UN frequently turns to the private security market for support. In turn, private military and security companies (PMSCs) take on risky missions and fill in the procurement gaps. It is common practice to criticize PMSCs for not having a clear international legal status, operating in the “grey” area of the law and not being accountable for their actions. Furthermore, the UN often equates PMSCs to mercenaries of the past and calls for strict regulation and surveillance of their activities. This practice has remained unchanged since the 1992 reforms, and the UN has done nothing to reduce the involvement of PMSCs in peacekeeping missions. On the contrary, it has, under pressure from lobbyists for the private security industry, actually increased security expenditures for PMSCs by unprecedented amounts. The UN’s position as a unique universal intergovernmental organization exempts it from a great deal of transparency, accountability and reform. While the private security industry includes various PMSCs that compete for contracts in conflict zones and post-conflict areas, the UN does not have any kind of competitor in peacekeeping procedures. The UN criticizes PMSCs for their blatant human rights violations and disregard of international law, yet continues to contract them for its peacekeeping missions. This paper examines the problem of involving PMSCs in UN peacekeeping operations. It aims to answer the following main questions: How do PMSCs, as partners of the UN in the peacekeeping process, contribute to the protection of human rights, which is one of the organization’s basic declared principles? Can PMSCs become a recognized instrument within the UN system? Would UN peacekeeping eff orts improve as a result of hiring PMSCs?

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.