imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-4-122-136imi-327Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ESSAYСтратегическое значение фармацевтической отрасли в условиях пандемии коронавирусаStrategic Role of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the Сontext of the Global Pandemichttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4336-1020МамедьяровЗ. А.MamedyarovZ. A.

Заур Аязович Мамедьяров, заведующий сектором экономики науки и инноваций, кандидат экономических наук

117997, Москва, Профсоюзная ул., 23

Zaur A. Mamedyarov, Head of the Sector of Economics of Science and Innovation, PhD in Economics

23, Profsoyuznaya Street, Moscow, 117997

mamedyarov@imemo.ruНациональный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова РАН Российская ФедерацияРоссияPrimakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202009032021114122136Copyright © Мамедьяров З.А., 20212021Мамедьяров З.А.Mamedyarov Z.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/327

Особое значение фармацевтической отрасли для научно-технического и экономического развития стран обусловливает ее включенность в международные процессы. В работе основное внимание уделяется анализу тенденций в фармацевтической сфере и биотехнологиях в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Пандемия обострила такие проблемы отрасли, как эффективность распределения медикаментов между гражданами, зависимость крупных производителей от поставщиков активных субстанций из Китая, ценообразование на медикаменты и роль социальных систем страхования в развитых и развивающихся странах. Автор также выделяет такие области роста конкуренции, как диверсификация поставок активных фармацевтических субстанций, разрешение регуляторами доступа новейших препаратов к рынку, конкуренция фармацевтических компаний за капитал и компетенции. В статье проведен анализ основных проблем отрасли на примере рынка вакцин COVID-19 и представлены возможные траектории дальнейшего развития фармацевтики и биотехнологий в международном контексте.

The strategic importance of the pharmaceutical industry for the scientific, technological and economic development of countries determines its impact on international processes. The paper traces the current trends in the growth of innovative competition in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, taking into account the factor of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following areas of increased competition are highlighted: diversification of supply of active pharmaceutical substances, regulators’ permission of the newest drugs to access the market, competition of pharmaceutical companies for capital and competence. The pandemic has also exacerbated long-standing problems: the efficiency of drug distribution to citizens, the dependence of large manufacturers on active substance suppliers from China, drug pricing, and the role of social insurance systems in developed and developing countries. The article analyzes the main problems of the industry and presents possible trajectories of further development of international relations in the context of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, analyzing the progress of creation and market admission of COVID-19 vaccines. For all the high-tech trends, the pharmaceutical industry is a rather conservative industry in which regulatory issues play a significant role. Therefore, legal, ethical and practical issues related to the collection of sensitive patient health data may slow down the digitalization of the pharmaceutical industry. Much will also depend on the decisions of major regulators – in the U.S. and the EU – regarding telemedicine and digital health in general. A serious barrier for the pharmaceutical industry is also the lack of pharmaceutical companies’ own experience in developing software solutions, which makes them dependent on external suppliers of IT solutions, complicates the problem of sharing clinical patient data and particularly raises the issue of cybersecurity.

фармацевтикаинновацииконкуренциярегулированиеисследования и разработкитехнологииCOVID-19pharmaceuticalsinnovationcompetitionregulationresearch and developmenttechnologyCOVID-19ReferencesБерезной, А.В. Транснациональный бизнес в эпоху глобальной цифровой революции // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2018. – Т. 62 (9). – С. 5–17.Bereznoi, Aleksei V. “Transnational Business in the Era of the Global Digital Revolution.” [Transnatsional'nyi biznes v epokhu global'noi tsifrovoi revolyutsii] World Economy and International Relations 62, no.9 (2018): 5–17 [In Russian].Евстратов, А.В. Основные тенденции и перспективы развития фармацевтического рынка в Российской Федерации. – Волгоград: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Волгоградский государственный технический университет, 2018. – 192 с.Evstratov, Aleksandr. V. The Main Trends and Prospects for the Development of the Pharmaceutical Market in the Russian Federation. [Osnovnye tendentsii i perspektivy razvitiya farmatsevticheskogo rynka v Rossiiskoi Federatsii]. Volgograd: Volgograd State Technical University, 2018 [In Russian].Кузнецов, А.В. Цифровизация как логика глобальных корпораций // Философия хозяйства. – 2020. – №. 5. – С. 124–139.Kuznetsov, Aleksei V. “Digitalization as the Logic of Global Corporations.” [Tsifrovizatsiya kak logika global'nykh korporatsii] Philosophy of Economy, no. 5 (2020): 124–139 [In Russian].Нежникова, Е.В., Максимчук, М.В. Фармацевтическая отрасль в РФ: проблемы и перспективы развития // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика. – 2019. – Т. 27 (1). – С. 102–112.Nezhnikova, Ekaterina V., and Maksim V. Maksimchuk. “Pharmaceutical Industry in the Russian Federation: Problems and Prospects for Development.” [Farmatsevticheskaya otrasl' v RF: problemy i perspektivy razvitiya] Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Economics 27, no. 1 (2019): 102–112 [In Russian].Bishop, Matthew Louis, and Anthony Payne. “Steering towards Reglobalization: Can a Reformed G20 Rise to the Occasion?” Globalizations 18, no. 1 (2021). doi:10.1080/14747731.2020.1779964.Bishop, Matthew Louis, and Anthony Payne. “Steering towards Reglobalization: Can a Reformed G20 Rise to the Occasion?” Globalizations 18, no. 1 (2021). doi:10.1080/14747731.2020.1779964.Boylan, Brandon M., Jerry McBeath, and Bo Wang. “US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021). doi:10.1007/s40647-020-00302-6.Boylan, Brandon M., Jerry McBeath, and Bo Wang. “US–China Relations: Nationalism, the Trade War, and COVID-19.” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021). doi:10.1007/s40647-020-00302-6.Chatterjee, Patralekha. “Indian pharma threatened by COVID-19 shutdowns in China.” The Lancet 395, no. 10225 (2020): 675. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30459-1Chatterjee, Patralekha. “Indian pharma threatened by COVID-19 shutdowns in China.” The Lancet 395, no. 10225 (2020): 675. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30459-1Daoudi, Salma. Vaccine Nationalism in the Context of COVID-19: An Obstacle to the Containment of the Pandemic. Policy Center for the New South, 2020.Daoudi, Salma. Vaccine Nationalism in the Context of COVID-19: An Obstacle to the Containment of the Pandemic. Policy Center for the New South, 2020.Dierks, Alexander, Kuklinski, Christian Paul Jian Wei, and Roger Moser. “How Institutional Change Reconfi gures Successful Value Chains: The Case of Western Pharma Corporations in China.” Thunderbird International Business Review 55, no. 2 (2013): 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21533.Dierks, Alexander, Kuklinski, Christian Paul Jian Wei, and Roger Moser. “How Institutional Change Reconfi gures Successful Value Chains: The Case of Western Pharma Corporations in China.” Thunderbird International Business Review 55, no. 2 (2013): 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21533.Drezner, Daniel W. “The Song Remains the Same: International Relations After COVID-19.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 19, 2020): E18–E35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000351.Drezner, Daniel W. “The Song Remains the Same: International Relations After COVID-19.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 19, 2020): E18–E35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000351.Fidler, David P. “Vaccine Nationalism’s Politics.” Science 369, no. 6505 (2020): 749. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2275.Fidler, David P. “Vaccine Nationalism’s Politics.” Science 369, no. 6505 (2020): 749. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2275.Hafner, Marco, Yerushalmi, Erez, Fays, Clement, Dufresne, Eliane, and Christian Van Stolk. Christian. COVID-19 and the Cost of Vaccine Nationalism. RAND Corporation, 2020.Hafner, Marco, Yerushalmi, Erez, Fays, Clement, Dufresne, Eliane, and Christian Van Stolk. Christian. COVID-19 and the Cost of Vaccine Nationalism. RAND Corporation, 2020.Kennedy, Andrew B., and Darren J. Lim. “The Innovation Imperative: Technology and US-China Rivalry in the Twenty-First Century.” International Aff airs 94, no. 3 (2018). doi:10.1093/ia/iiy044.Kennedy, Andrew B., and Darren J. Lim. “The Innovation Imperative: Technology and US-China Rivalry in the Twenty-First Century.” International Aff airs 94, no. 3 (2018). doi:10.1093/ia/iiy044.Klinge, Tobias J., Fernandez, Roberto, and Aalbers, Manuel B. “The Financialization of Big Pharma.” Revista Internacional de Sociología 78, no. 4 (2020): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2020.78.4.m20.006Klinge, Tobias J., Fernandez, Roberto, and Aalbers, Manuel B. “The Financialization of Big Pharma.” Revista Internacional de Sociología 78, no. 4 (2020): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2020.78.4.m20.006LaMattina, John L. Devalued and distrusted: can the pharmaceutical industry restore its broken image? John Wiley & Sons, 2012.LaMattina, John L. Devalued and distrusted: can the pharmaceutical industry restore its broken image? John Wiley & Sons, 2012.Lazonick, William. et al. Financialization of the US Pharmaceutical Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking, 2019.Lazonick, William. et al. Financialization of the US Pharmaceutical Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking, 2019.Lindsley, Craig W. “New 2017 Data and Statistics for Pharmaceutical Products.” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9, no. 7 (2018): 1518–1519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00320.Lindsley, Craig W. “New 2017 Data and Statistics for Pharmaceutical Products.” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9, no. 7 (2018): 1518–1519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00320.Lipscy, Phillip Y. “COVID-19 and the Politics of Crisis.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 12, 2020): E98–E127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000375.Lipscy, Phillip Y. “COVID-19 and the Politics of Crisis.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 12, 2020): E98–E127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000375.McNamara, Kathleen R., and Abraham L. Newman. “The Big Reveal: COVID-19 and Globalization’s Great Transformations.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 14, 2020): E59–E77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000387.McNamara, Kathleen R., and Abraham L. Newman. “The Big Reveal: COVID-19 and Globalization’s Great Transformations.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 14, 2020): E59–E77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000387.Miller, Seumas, and Marcus Smith. “Ethics, Public Health and Technology Responses to COVID-19.” Bioethics, February 17, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12856.Miller, Seumas, and Marcus Smith. “Ethics, Public Health and Technology Responses to COVID-19.” Bioethics, February 17, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12856.Milmo, Sean. “Inspecting GMP at a Distance.” Pharmaceutical Technology 44, no. 12 (2020): 6–8.Milmo, Sean. “Inspecting GMP at a Distance.” Pharmaceutical Technology 44, no. 12 (2020): 6–8.Pan, Guangyi, and Alexander Korolev. “The Struggle for Certainty: Ontological Security, the Rise of Nationalism, and Australia-China Tensions after COVID-19.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 26, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 115–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09710-7.Pan, Guangyi, and Alexander Korolev. “The Struggle for Certainty: Ontological Security, the Rise of Nationalism, and Australia-China Tensions after COVID-19.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 26, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 115–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09710-7.Pevehouse, Jon C.W. “The COVID-19 Pandemic, International Cooperation, and Populism.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 11, 2020): E191–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000399.Pevehouse, Jon C.W. “The COVID-19 Pandemic, International Cooperation, and Populism.” International Organization 74, no. S1 (December 11, 2020): E191–212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000399.Richman, Barack, Will Mitchell, Elena Vidal, and Kevin Schulman. “Pharmaceutical M&A Activity: Eff ects on Prices, Innovation, and Competition.” Loyola Univercity Chicago Law Journal 48 (2017): 787–819.Richman, Barack, Will Mitchell, Elena Vidal, and Kevin Schulman. “Pharmaceutical M&A Activity: Eff ects on Prices, Innovation, and Competition.” Loyola Univercity Chicago Law Journal 48 (2017): 787–819.Robertson, Andrew S., Hilary Malone, Fabio Bisordi, Helen Fitton, Carlos Garner, Stacy Holdsworth, Peter Honig, et al. “Cloud-Based Data Systems in Drug Regulation: An Industry Perspective.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 19, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 365–366. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-019-00193-7.Robertson, Andrew S., Hilary Malone, Fabio Bisordi, Helen Fitton, Carlos Garner, Stacy Holdsworth, Peter Honig, et al. “Cloud-Based Data Systems in Drug Regulation: An Industry Perspective.” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 19, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 365–366. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-019-00193-7.Santos Rutschman, Ana. “The Reemergence of Vaccine Nationalism.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3642858.Santos Rutschman, Ana. “The Reemergence of Vaccine Nationalism.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3642858.Stewart, Jerry, Peter Honig, Lina AlJuburi, Deborah Autor, Susan Berger, Patrick Brady, Helen Fitton, et al. “COVID-19: A Catalyst to Accelerate Global Regulatory Transformation.” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, September 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2046.Stewart, Jerry, Peter Honig, Lina AlJuburi, Deborah Autor, Susan Berger, Patrick Brady, Helen Fitton, et al. “COVID-19: A Catalyst to Accelerate Global Regulatory Transformation.” Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, September 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2046.Torreele, Els. “Business-as-Usual Will Not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need.” Development 63, no. 2–4 (December 9, 2020): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-020-00261-1.Torreele, Els. “Business-as-Usual Will Not Deliver the COVID-19 Vaccines We Need.” Development 63, no. 2–4 (December 9, 2020): 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-020-00261-1.Tulum, Öner, and Lazonick, William. “Financialized Corporations in a National Innovation System: the US Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of Political Economy 47, no. 3–4 (2018): 281–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2018.1549842Tulum, Öner, and Lazonick, William. “Financialized Corporations in a National Innovation System: the US Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of Political Economy 47, no. 3–4 (2018): 281–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2018.1549842Vogler, Sabine, ed. Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons: Evidence and Methodology Guidance. Academic Press, 2018.Vogler, Sabine, ed. Medicine Price Surveys, Analyses and Comparisons: Evidence and Methodology Guidance. Academic Press, 2018.Woods, Eric Taylor, Robert Schertzer, Liah Greenfeld, Chris Hughes, and Cynthia Miller-Idriss. “COVID-19, Nationalism, and the Politics of Crisis: A Scholarly Exchange.” Nations and Nationalism 26, no. 4 (2020). doi:10.1111/nana.12644.Woods, Eric Taylor, Robert Schertzer, Liah Greenfeld, Chris Hughes, and Cynthia Miller-Idriss. “COVID-19, Nationalism, and the Politics of Crisis: A Scholarly Exchange.” Nations and Nationalism 26, no. 4 (2020). doi:10.1111/nana.12644.Yaya, Sanni, Sanni Yaya, Akaninyene Otu, Akaninyene Otu, and Ronald Labonté. “Globalisation in the Time of COVID-19: Repositioning Africa to Meet the Immediate and Remote Challenges.” Globalization and Health 16, no. 1 (2020). doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00581-4.Yaya, Sanni, Sanni Yaya, Akaninyene Otu, Akaninyene Otu, and Ronald Labonté. “Globalisation in the Time of COVID-19: Repositioning Africa to Meet the Immediate and Remote Challenges.” Globalization and Health 16, no. 1 (2020). doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00581-4.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.