imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-2-153-169imi-347Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLESОсобенности внешней политики персоналистских режимов (на примере Туркменистана)On Peculiarities of the Foreign Policy of Personalist Regimes (Example of Turkmenistan)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6721-2505ГоракС.HorákS.

Славомир Горак, научный сотрудник кафедры российских и восточноевропейских исследований Института международных исследований, Факультет социальных наук

Прага 5, Pekařská 10, 15800

Slavomír Horák, Reseach Fellow, Department of Russian and East European Studies, Institute of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences

Pekařská 10, Prague 5, Czech Republic, 15800

slavomir.horak@post.czКарлов университетЧехияCharles UniversityCzech Republic202120052021122153169Copyright © Горак С., 20212021Горак С.Horák S.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/347

Внешняя политика часто анализируется с точки зрения государства, его интересов или по национальным стратегиям. Однако, в персоналистских режимах помимо данной схемы существенно добавляется и фактор личности лидера (вождя, президента), который долгосрочно принимает все ключевые решения во внутренней и внешней политике. Таким образом, решение, которые зависит от одной личности, логично должно исходить из характера, жизненного опыта или собственных интересов лидера (и его окружения) и конкретной ситуации. Предлагаемая статья пытается анализировать через призму персонализма внешнюю политику на примере персоналистского режима в Туркменистане. Анализ политических, экономических факторов, а также вопросов безопасности в таких персоналистских системах показывает, что в реально акцентируются совсем другие приоритеты внешней политики нежели официально декларируются государством и далее перехватываются аналитическим и академическим сообществом.

The foreign policy of states is often viewed through the prism of the geopolitical, geostrategic or geoeconomic determinants. It is forgotten that in addition to these factors, foreign policy also has a strong human, or personal, factor. This factor is especially evident in authoritarian regimes of the personalist type, in which decisions, including on foreign policy issues, are made by the leader or a narrow stratum of the elite alone. In this case, the personal factor and personal interests of the leader are not limited to other regulators (institutions, elections, etc.). A foreign policy centered on the interests of the first person in this case may differ significantly from what one would assume when analyzing state policy and the national interests of the country. Since power in Turkmenistan is in the nature of a personalist regime, the article attempts to explore, within the framework of the available (very limited) information, the foreign policy of this country from the perspective of the personal interests of the head of state and the Turkmen elite rather than those of the state. In addition to the theoretical framework of the study and a brief personal profile of both presidents, the article also provides examples relating to the two main factors of interest to the leader of the nation and his elite - economic profit and regime security. Comparing the regimes of the first and second president in foreign policy also demonstrates the continuity of the political culture and system in the country. The study shows that the Turkmen regime combines all features of the theoretical conceptions of personalist foreign policy if we look at them as an interrelated complex. The personal characteristic of the president, his almost unshakable position in decision-making, as well as the interests of his entourage, including his family, play a key role in it. On the other hand, the singularity of decision-making makes it easier for those foreign players who have the necessary information about the country’s leader and know how to lead him to the decision they want without regard to other interest groups or institutions in the country.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.