<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-4-11-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-394</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Религия и политический процесс: «четвертая волна» демократизации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Religion and the Political Process: the Fourth Wave of Democratization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лункин</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lunkin</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Роман Николаевич Лункин, доктор политических наук, заместитель директора, главный научный сотрудник Отдела социальных и политических исследований, руководитель Центра по изучению проблем религии и общества </p><p>125009, Россия, Москва, ул. Моховая, д. 11, стр. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman N. Lunkin, Doctor of Political Sciences, Senior Fellow, the Head of the Center for Religions and Society Studies, Department of Social and Political Studies</p><p>11-3, Mokhovaya str., Moscow, Russia, 125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">romanlunkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт Европы РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лункин Р.Н., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лункин Р.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lunkin R.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/394">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/394</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье проанализирована роль религии в социально-политических процессах, происходящих в Европе, на постсоветском пространстве и – шире – в западном мире. Применен структурно-функциональный подход, методы социологического и политологического анализа религиозного фактора как политического явления. Цель исследования – анализ роли мировых религий (в основном христианства) в демократических процессах на примере стран-членов Евросоюза и постсоветского пространства. Особое внимание уделено участию различных христианских церквей в социально-политических трансформациях, в конфликтах и «оранжевых революциях», а также противостоянию религии идеологии современной либеральной демократии с позиций традиционализма. Сделан вывод, что религия стала важным маркером всемирного явления, которое можно назвать «четвертой волной» демократизации (следуя периодизации С. Хантингтона). Если в рамках «третьей волны» религия была одним из элементов и одновременно объектов демократизации, то с 2000-х гг. религия – это главный импульсный фактор всего процесса традиционалистской демократизации в социальном, политическом и культурном измерениях. Гражданская активность верующих корректирует либеральную демократию, делает ее более «моральной», а не архаичной. Заслуга религии – в достаточно четком обозначении границ, за которые демократии будущего не стоит переступать: это признание права на традиционные моральные устои за целыми обществами и государствами, признание ценности религии и религиозных символов, а также значения традиционных либеральных свобод, как то: признания равенства символов. Также заслуга религии – в защите личности каждого человека и свободы слова.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyzes the role of religion in socio-political processes in Europe, in the post-Soviet space, and more broadly in the Western world. The structural and functional approach, methods of sociological and political analysis of the religious factor as a political phenomenon are applied. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of religion (mainly Christian churches) in democratic processes on the example of the EU member states and the post-Soviet space. Special attention is paid to the participation of various Christian churches in socio-political transformations, conflicts and “orange” revolutions, as well as to the opposition of religion to the ideology of modern liberal democracy from the standpoint of traditionalism (identity). It is concluded that religion has become an important marker of a global phenomenon that can be called the “fourth wave” of democratization (following the periodization of S. Huntington). If within the framework of the third wave, religion was one of the elements and at the same time objects of democratization, then since the 2000s religion is the main impulse factor of the entire process of traditionalist democratization in social, political and cultural dimensions. The civic activity of believers corrects liberal democracy, makes it more “moral,” and not archaic. The merit of religion is that it has clearly defined the boundaries beyond which the democracy of the future should not be transgressed: the recognition of the right to traditional moral foundations for entire societies and states along with the usual liberal freedoms, i.e., equality of all races and peoples, the value of every person, the freedom of speech.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>либеральная демократия</kwd><kwd>религиозная идентичность</kwd><kwd>демократизация</kwd><kwd>традиционализм</kwd><kwd>гражданский активизм</kwd><kwd>постсекуляризм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liberal democracy</kwd><kwd>religious identity</kwd><kwd>democratization</kwd><kwd>traditionalism</kwd><kwd>civic activism</kwd><kwd>post-secularism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Европа в поиске новых решений / Под ред. Р.Н. Лункина, П.В. Осколкова. – М.: Ин-т Европы РАН, 2020. – 140 с. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/report52020_372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunkin, R.N., Oskolkov, P.V., eds. Evropa v poiske novyh reshenij. Moscow: Institute of Europe, 2020 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кандель, П.Е. Черногорское чудо: демонтаж режима М. Джукановича // Современная Европа. – 2021. – № 1. – С. 41–51. https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120214151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kandel, P.E. “Montenegrin Miracle: Dismanting of the M. Djukanovic’s Regime.” Contemporary Europe, no. 1 (2021): 41–51 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лункин, Р.Н. Позиция протестантских церквей во время политического кризиса в Армении // Научно-аналитический вестник ИЕ РАН. – 2018. – № 6. – С. 182–188. https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran62018182188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunkin, R.N. “The Position of the Protestant Churches During the Political Crisis in Armenia.” Scientifi c and Analytical Herald of the Institute of Europe RAS, no. 6 (2018): 182–188 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лункин, Р., Филатов, С. Международные отношения и война антитрадиционализма с идентитетом // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2020. – № 4. – C. 5–14. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-4-5-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunkin, R., and S. Filatov. “International Relations and the War of Anti-Traditionalism with Identity.” Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, no. 4 (2020): 5–14 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лункин, Р., Филатов, C. Христианские церкви и антиидентистская революция // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. – 2021. – № 8. – C. 97–108. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-97-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunkin, R., and S. Filatov. “Christian Churches and the Antiidentist Revolution.” Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, no. 8 (2021): 97–108 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Митрофанова, А.В. Политизация «православного мира». – М.: Наука, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitrofanova A.V. Politizaciya “pravoslavnogo mira.” Moscow: Nauka, 2004 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Религия в современной России: события и дискурсы пандемии / Под ред. М.М. Мчедловой. – Москва: РУДН, 2021. – 352 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mchedlova, Marina M., ed. Religiya v sovremennoj Rossii: sobytiya i diskursy pandemii. Moscow: RUDN, 2021 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумкин, В.В. Фехтование цивилизаций. Ислам и мусульмане: культура и политика (статьи, очерки и доклады разных лет). – М.: Институт Востоковедения РАН, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumkin, V.V. Fekhtovanie civilizacij. Islam i musul’mane: kul’tura i politika (stat’i, ocherki i doklady raznyh let). Moscow: IV RAN, 2009 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Религия и глобализация на просторах Евразии / Под ред. А. Малашенко и С. Филатова. – М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН); Моск. Центр Карнеги, 2009 – 341 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malashenko, A., and S. Filatov, eds. Religiya i globalizaciya na prostorah Evrazii. Moscow: ROSSPEN; Moscow Carnegie Center, 2009 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Религия и конфликт / Под ред. А. Малашенко, С. Филатова. – М.: РОССПЭН; Моск. Центр Карнеги, 2007. – 289 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malashenko, A., and S. Filatov, eds. Religiya i konfl ikt. Moscow: ROSSPEN; Moscow Carnegie Center, 2007 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сюкияйнен, Л. Исламская политико-правовая культура и демократизация в мусульманском мире: конфликт или совместимость? // Религия и конфликты / Под ред. А. Малашенко и С. Филатова; Моск. Центр Карнеги. – М.: РОССПЭН, 2007. – 289 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Syukiyajnen, L. “Islamskaya politiko-pravovaya kul’tura i demokratizaciya v musul’manskom mire: konfl ikt ili sovmestimost’?” In Religiya i konfl ikty, edited by A. Malashenko, S. Filatov, 125–142. Moscow: ROSSPEN; Moscow Carnegie Center, 2007 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шишков, А. Некоторые аспекты десекуляризации в постсоветской России. – Государство, религия, церковь. – 2012. – № 2. – C. 165–177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shishkov, A. “Nekotorye aspekty desekulyarizacii v postsovetskoj Rossii.” Gosudarstvo, religiya, cerkov’, no. 2 (2012): 165–177] [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яжборовская, И.С. Четвертая волна всемирного процесса демократизации и развитие гражданского общества в Центрально-Восточной и ЮгоВосточной Европе. – Полис. Политические исследования. – 2013. – № 5. – С. 145–154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazhborovskaya, I.S. “Fourth Wave of the World Process of Democratization and the Development of Civil Society in Central-East and South-East Europe.” Polis. Political Studies, no. 5 (2013): 145–154 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleby, Scott R. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleby, Scott R. The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casanova, J. “Public Religions revisited.” In Religion: Beyond the Concept, edited by W.H. de Vries, 101–119. Fordham U.P., 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casanova, J. “Public Religions revisited.” In Religion: Beyond the Concept, edited by W.H. de Vries, 101–119.  Fordham U.P., 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doorenspleet, R. “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization.” World Politics, no. 52 (2000): 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100016580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doorenspleet, R. “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization.” World Politics, no. 52 (2000): 384–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100016580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elcott, David M., Anderson, Colt C., Cremer, Tobias, and Volker Haarmann. Faith, Nationalism, and the Future of Liberal Democracy. Notre Dame University Press, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elcott, David M., Anderson, Colt C., Cremer, Tobias, and Volker Haarmann. Faith, Nationalism, and the Future of Liberal Democracy. Notre Dame University Press, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huntington, Samuel Ph. The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huntington, Samuel Ph. The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haynes, Jeff rey. “Introductory Thoughts about Peace, Politics and Religion.” Religions 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haynes, Jeff rey. “Introductory Thoughts about Peace, Politics and Religion.” Religions 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: the Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: the Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitrofanova, A.V. “The Impact of Covid-19 on Orthodox Groups and Believers in Russia.” In Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic, edited by Nina Käsehage, 47–80. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitrofanova, A.V. “The Impact of Covid-19 on Orthodox Groups and Believers in Russia.” In Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic, edited by Nina Käsehage, 47–80. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge University Press, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rabkin, Yakov, and Mikhail Minakov. Demodernization: A Future in the Past. Ibidem Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabkin, Yakov, and Mikhail Minakov. Demodernization: A Future in the Past. Ibidem Press, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Laarse, Rob, Cherenkov, Mykhailo N., Proshak, Vitaliy V., and Tetiana Mykhalchuk, eds. Religion, State, Society, and Identity in Transition Ukraine. Publisher: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Laarse, Rob, Cherenkov, Mykhailo N., Proshak, Vitaliy V., and Tetiana Mykhalchuk, eds. Religion, State, Society, and Identity in Transition Ukraine. Publisher: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogozinski, Jacob. Djihadisme: le retour du sacrifi ce, éd. Desclée de Brouwer, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozinski, Jacob. Djihadisme: le retour du sacrifi ce, éd. Desclée de Brouwer, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palaver, Wolfgang. “Fraternity versus Parochialism: On Religion and Populism.” Religions 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palaver, Wolfgang. “Fraternity versus Parochialism: On Religion and Populism.” Religions 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11070319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
