imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-3-16-29imi-431Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ESSAYПочему в современном мире будущее заменяют прошлым: история возвращается?Why in the Modern World the Future is Replaced by the Past: is History Coming Back?ФилюшкинА. И.FilyushkinA. I.

Филюшкин Александр Ильич,  заведующий кафедрой истории славянских и балканских стран, профессор, д.и.н., доцент 

199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7–9

Alexander I. Filyushkin, Doctor of historical sciences, professor, Head of the Department of the Faculty of History of Slavic and Balkan Countries

199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9 

a.filushkin@spbu.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSt. Petersburg State UniversityRussian Federation2022300920221331629Copyright © Филюшкин А.И., 20222022Филюшкин А.И.Filyushkin A.I.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/431

В последние два-три десятилетия наблюдается прогрессирующий рост интереса к истории. Ученые видят причины этого в политической ситуации, росте националистических настроений и «войнах памяти». В статье предлагается гипотеза, согласно которой истоки этого явления лежат значительно глубже: в глобальных переменах человеческой культуры, связанных с представлениями о времени, изменениями взглядов на роль прошлого, а также соотношением прошлого и настоящего и возможности прогнозирования будущего. История вытесняется исторической памятью, функционал которой лежит в основном в сфере исторической политики и социальных практик. Отсюда парадоксальность происходящего: роль исторической науки умаляется, а роль исторического знания растет. Большое значение здесь имеет современная информационная ситуация и тотальная цифровизация. Благодаря им прошлое и будущее превращаются в «расширенное настоящее», а историческое знание становится гигантским палимпсестом, который постоянно переписывается. Отсюда – тренд на реполитизацию истории, призывы к восстановлению ее этической компоненты, ее роли как «учительницы жизни», юридическая и этическая востребованность исторического знания, которое выступает аргументом в обвинениях и оправданиях стран и народов (этот процесс называется юридификацией истории). Конъюнктура в угоду «правильной» современной политике больше не считается дискредитирующим обстоятельством для историков. Напротив, им вменяется в обязанность выступать судьями или адвокатами на суде потомков над прошлым. Все эти тенденции в контексте окончания темпорального режима модерна и всеобщей дигитализации ведут к размыванию дистанции между прошлым и настоящим и превращению истории в «расширенное настоящее», потому что именно цели и задачи настоящего обусловливают бесконечный пересмотр прошлого, переписывание истории. Этот вывод важен для понимания происходящих процессов. Современный рост ретротопии, изменение роли исторического знания, тренд на реполитизацию и реабилитацию презентизма – это не негативная политическая конъюнктура, которую можно исправить или сдержать. Это результат глобальных тенденций в области культуры в широком смысле этого слова. В конечном счете они могут привести к перерождению исторической науки и исторического знания в новую метасистему, отличающуюся от привычной нам роли истории эпохи модерна.

In the last two or three decades, there has been a progressive increase in interest in history. Scientists see the reasons for this in the political situation, the growth of nationalist sentiments, and “memory wars.” The article proposes a hypothesis according to which the causes of the origins of this phenomenon lie much deeper: in global changes in human culture related to ideas about time, changes in views on the role of the past, as well as the relationship between the past and the present and the possibility of predicting the future. History is being replaced by historical memory, the functionality of which lies mainly in the sphere of historical politics and social practices. Hence, the paradoxical nature of what is happening: the role of historical science is diminishing, and the role of historical knowledge is growing. The current information situation and total digitalization play a huge role here. Thanks to them, the past and the future turn into an “expanded present,” and historical knowledge becomes a giant palimpsest that is constantly being rewritten. Hence, the trend towards the repoliticization of history, calls for the restoration of its ethical component, its role as a “teacher of life,” the legal and ethical relevance of historical knowledge, which acts as an argument in the accusations and justifications of countries and peoples (this process is called the legitimization of history). The conjuncture for the sake of “correct” modern politics is no longer considered a discrediting circumstance for historians. On the contrary, historians are charged with the duty to act as judges or lawyers at the trial of descendants over the past. All these trends, in the context of the end of the temporal regime of modernity and universal digitalization, lead to the blurring of the distance between the past and the present and the transformation of history into an “expanded present,” because it is the goals and objectives of the present that determine the endless revision of the past, rewriting history. This conclusion is important for understanding the ongoing processes. The modern growth of retrotopia, the changing role of historical knowledge, the trend towards the repoliticization and rehabilitation of the presentism is not a negative political conjuncture that can be corrected nor can its onset be contained. This is the result of global trends in the field of culture in the broadest sense of the word. Ultimately, they can lead to the rebirth of historical science and historical knowledge into a new meta-system that differs from the role of the history of the modern era that is familiar to us.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.