imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2022-13-4-129-146imi-458Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ESSAYТурецкая Республика Северного Кипра как де-факто и частично признанное государство: от федерального решения к модели двух государствTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a De Facto and Limited Recognized State: From Federal Solution to Two State Modelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-3338ОзсагламM. T.ÖzsağlamM. T.

Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations

Lefke, North Cyprus

mozsaglam@eul.edu.trEuropean University of LefkeTurkey202213012023134129146Copyright © Озсаглам M.T., 20222022Озсаглам M.T.Özsağlam M.T.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/458

В статье анализируется история Турецкой Республики Северного Кипра (ТРСК) как де-факто государства с 1983 года. ТРСК обладает рядом особенностей, отличающих ее от других де-факто государств. Так, при наличии граждан ЕС в составе населения, ТРСК пользуется поддержкой и влиянием Турции – государства-патрона, не являющегося членом Европейского Союза. Несмотря на провозглашение ТРСК независимым государством, ее лидеры вплоть до момента избрания Э. Татара президентом в 2020 году прилагали усилия, направленные на воссоединение острова на базе федеративной модели. Еще одна уникальная особенность ТРСК заключается в более сильной традиции гражданского общества по сравнению с оппозицией, представленной политическими партиями и неправительственными организациями, которые периодически вступают в конфликт с правительством Турции по поводу его политики по кипрскому вопросу и в отношении ТРСК. На позицию Турции как государства-патрона ТРСК влияет динамика ее отношений с Европейским Союзом. Отсутствие какого-либо прогресса в вопросе членства Турции в ЕС и бескомпромиссная позиция руководства греков-киприотов на переговорах в последние десятилетия способствовали изменению позиции Турции по кипрской проблеме. После прихода к власти Э. Татар заявил, что федерализм как решение проблемы на острове невозможен, и настоял на реализации модели двух государств при поддержке Турции.

This study covers the history of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) as a de facto state, a status it has held since 1983 after having established its institutional structure in 1975 under the name of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (TFSC). The TRNC has unique characteristics when compared with other de facto states. While it is home to EU citizens, it enjoys the support and influence of Turkey as its patron state, which is not member of the European Union. Although the TRNC has been declared an independent state, TRNC leaders pursued a federal solution to reunify the island until E. Tatar was elected president in 2020. The TRNC has another unique characteristic: its civil society tradition is more powerful than opposition political parties and non-governmental organizations, which sometimes clash with the government of Turkey concerning the latter’s policies in the TRNC and the Cyprus question. As the TRNC’s patron state, Turkey shapes its stance on the island in parallel with its relations with the European Union. The lack of any progress on Turkey’s EU membership and uncompromising position of the Greek Cypriot leadership at negotiations in recent decades have pushed Turkey to shift its position on the Cyprus problem. Therefore, after coming to power, Tatar stated that a federal solution is not possible on the island and insisted that a two-state model be implemented with the support of Turkey.

Де-факто государствоТурецкая республика Северного Кипра (ТРСК)ТурцияГрецияЕвропейский Союз (ЕС)de facto stateTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)TurkeyGreeceEuropean Union (EU)ReferencesAsmussen, Jan. “Early Conflicts Between Greek and Turkish Cypriot Communities.” The Cyprus Review 16, no. 1, (2004): 87–106.Asmussen, Jan. “Early Conflicts Between Greek and Turkish Cypriot Communities.” The Cyprus Review 16, no. 1, (2004): 87–106.Attalides, Michalis. “The Political Process in Cyprus and the Day After the Referendum.” The Cyprus Review 16, no. 1 (2004): 137–146.Attalides, Michalis. “The Political Process in Cyprus and the Day After the Referendum.” The Cyprus Review 16, no. 1 (2004): 137–146.Ayberk, İbrahim, Akşit Sait, and Dayıoğlu Ali. “Bir De Facto Devlet Olarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Sivil Toplum: Toplumsal Tepki, Kıbrıs Türk Sendikaları ve Türkiye’yle ilişkiler.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 16, no. 64 (2019): 127–144. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.653013.Ayberk, İbrahim, Akşit Sait, and Dayıoğlu Ali. “Bir De Facto Devlet Olarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Sivil Toplum: Toplumsal Tepki, Kıbrıs Türk Sendikaları ve Türkiye’yle ilişkiler.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 16, no. 64 (2019): 127–144. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.653013.Ayberk, İbrahim, Akşit Sait, and Dayıoğlu Ali. “Civil Society in a De Facto State-Northern Cyprus: Societal Dissent, Turkish Cypriot Trade Unions and Relations with Turkey.” Journal of International Relations 16, no. 64 (2019): 127–144 [In Turkish].Ayberk, İbrahim, Akşit Sait, and Dayıoğlu Ali. “Civil Society in a De Facto State-Northern Cyprus: Societal Dissent, Turkish Cypriot Trade Unions and Relations with Turkey.” Journal of International Relations 16, no. 64 (2019): 127–144 [In Turkish].De Waal, Thomas. Uncertain Ground, Engaging With Europe’s De Facto States and Breakaway Territories. Washington, DC.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2018.De Waal, Thomas. Uncertain Ground, Engaging With Europe’s De Facto States and Breakaway Territories. Washington, DC.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2018.Erkem, Pınar. “Ethnic Nationalism and Consociational Democracy in Cyprus.” Beykent Ünviersitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9, no. 12 (2016): 99–115. https://doi.org/10.18221/BUJSS.33634Erkem, Pınar. “Ethnic Nationalism and Consociational Democracy in Cyprus.” Beykent Ünviersitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9, no. 12 (2016): 99–115. https://doi.org/10.18221/BUJSS.33634Florea, Adrtian. “De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011).” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 2 (June, 2017): 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx061.Florea, Adrtian. “De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011).” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 2 (June, 2017): 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx061.Michael, Savvas. “The British Role in Creating Greek – Turkish Divisions in Colonial Cyprus and an Analysis into the Subsequent Breaches of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee in Post-Colonial Cyprus.” The Cyprus Review 32, no. 2 (2020): 77–103.Michael, Savvas. “The British Role in Creating Greek – Turkish Divisions in Colonial Cyprus and an Analysis into the Subsequent Breaches of the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee in Post-Colonial Cyprus.” The Cyprus Review 32, no. 2 (2020): 77–103.Özsağlam, Muhittin Tolga. “Limited Recognition and Limited Relations.” Journal of Management and Economics Research 16, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 314–328. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.448147.Özsağlam, Muhittin Tolga. “Limited Recognition and Limited Relations.” Journal of Management and Economics Research 16, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 314–328. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.448147.Özsağlam, Muhittin Tolga. “Cyprus Problem and Turkish Cypriots: Conflict, Disappointment and Ambiguity.” In Isolated Part of Cyprus, edited by Stanislav Tkachenko and Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam. St. Petersburg: VVM Publishing Ltd, 2011.Özsağlam, Muhittin Tolga. “Cyprus Problem and Turkish Cypriots: Conflict, Disappointment and Ambiguity.” In Isolated Part of Cyprus, edited by Stanislav Tkachenko and Muhittin Tolga Özsağlam. St. Petersburg: VVM Publishing Ltd, 2011.Özyiğit, Ahmet and Fehiman Eminer. “De-Facto States and Aid Dependence: An Analysis of the Impact of Turkish aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus.” Journal of International Relations 18, no. 72 (2021): 314–328, https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.Özyiğit, Ahmet and Fehiman Eminer. “De-Facto States and Aid Dependence: An Analysis of the Impact of Turkish aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus.” Journal of International Relations 18, no. 72 (2021): 314–328, https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.Pegg, Scott. “Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.516.Pegg, Scott. “Twenty Years of de facto State Studies: Progress, Problems, and Prospects.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.516.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.