<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-2-166-182</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-487</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ESSAY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Значение региона Феццан в политике Франции в Ливии и Сахеле</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Significance of the Fezzan Region in French Policy in Libya and the Sahel</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наджаров</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nadzharov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Мартиросович Наджаров, аналитик центра средиземноморских исследований</p><p>115184, Москва, ул. Малая Ордынка, 17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander M. Nadzharov, Analyst, Mediterranean Studies Centre</p><p>17, Malaya Ordynka street, Moscow, 115184</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anadzharov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НИУ ВШЭ<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">HSE<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>166</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Наджаров А.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Наджаров А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nadzharov A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/487">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/487</self-uri><abstract><p>На протяжении ста лет с момента французской колонизации Чада и Нигера ливийский регион Феццан играл значительную роль во французской стратегии на ливийском направлении. Определяющим фактором в значении региона для политики Парижа стали транснациональные процессы феццанского приграничья. Этническая близость Феццана и северных регионов сахельских стран была катализатором франко-ливийских столкновений в Чаде в 1900-е гг., когда колонизаторы столкнулись с сопротивлением ордена сенуситов, подавленным лишь с началом итальянского покорения Ливии. Стремление установить контроль над регионом для обеспечения безопасности владений в Сахеле и соединения их с алжирскими департаментами легло в основу политики Парижа в середине XX в. Значительное влияние региона на Сахель после деколонизации наиболее ярко проявилось в 1970–1980-е гг., когда Ливийская Арабская Республика пыталась использовать этнические противоречия в Чаде для установления своей гегемонии на севере страны, что в свою очередь привело к конфликту с Парижем, в котором Пятая республика благодаря умелой работе с племенами ливийско-чадского приграничья одержала верх. После начала гражданской войны в Ливии в 2011 г. Феццан вновь обрел значение для французской политики из-за появления в регионе террористических структур, связанных с транснациональным сахельским криминалом, чадской оппозицией и силами других великих держав. В статье рассматриваются паттерны французской стратегии в отношении Феццана, в особенности – французская политика в области безопасности в феццанском приграничье. Изучение исторической ретроспективы французской политики позволяет более основательно определить мотивы и намерения стратегии Пятой республики на юго-западе Ливии на современном этапе.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>For a hundred years, since the French colonization of Chad and Niger, the Libyan region of Fezzan has played a signiﬁcant role in the French strategy in Africa. The determining factor in the importance of the region for the policy of Paris was played by the transnational processes of the Fezzan border. The ethnic proximity of Fezzan and the northern regions of the Sahelian countries catalyzed the Franco-Libyan clashes in Chad in the 1900s, when the colonialists faced the resistance of the Senussi order, which was suppressed only with the beginning of the Italian conquest of Libya. The desire of Paris to establish control over the region to ensure the security of its possessions in the Sahel and their connection with the Algerian departments formed the basis of its policy in the middle of the 20th century. The signiﬁcant inﬂuence of the region on the Sahel after decolonization prevailed, most clearly manifested in the 1970s and 1980s, when the Libyan Arab Republic tried to use ethnic contradictions in Chad to establish its hegemony in the north of the country, which, in turn, led to a conﬂict with Paris, in which the Fifth Republic, thanks to skillful work with the tribes of the Libyan-Chadian borderlands. After the outbreak of the civil war in Libya in 2011, Fezzan regained its importance for French politics due to the emergence in the region of terrorist structures associated with transnational Sahelian crime, the Chadian opposition and the forces of other great powers. The article examines the patterns of the French strategy towards Fezzan, in particular the French security policy in the Fezzan borderlands. The study of the historical retrospective of French politics allows us to more thoroughly determine the motives and intentions of the strategy of the Fifth Republic in southwestern Libya at the present stage.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внешняя политика Франции</kwd><kwd>Феццан</kwd><kwd>гражданская война в Ливии</kwd><kwd>Чад</kwd><kwd>нестабильность в Сахеле</kwd><kwd>тубу</kwd><kwd>транснациональные процессы</kwd><kwd>сенуситы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>French foreign policy</kwd><kwd>Fezzan</kwd><kwd>civil war in Libya</kwd><kwd>Chad</kwd><kwd>instability in the Sahel</kwd><kwd>tuba</kwd><kwd>transnational processes</kwd><kwd>Senusites</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adjel-Debbich, Sarah. “The Edjeleh-Gabès Pipeline Crisis: At the Heart of Maghreb Sovereignty Issues (1954–1962).” L’Année Du Maghreb 18 (2018): 129–148 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adjel-Debbich, Sarah. “The Edjeleh-Gabès Pipeline Crisis: At the Heart of Maghreb Sovereignty Issues (1954–1962).” L’Année Du Maghreb 18 (2018): 129–148 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amhimmid, Salem Alsagheer. “Patterns of French Foreign Policy in the Fezzan 1943/1951.” Journal of Human Sciences of the University of Sebha 20, no. 3 (2021): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.51984/JOHS.V20I3.1492. [In Arabic].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amhimmid, Salem Alsagheer. “Patterns of French Foreign Policy in the Fezzan 1943/1951.” Journal of Human Sciences of the University of Sebha 20, no. 3 (2021): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.51984/JOHS.V20I3.1492. [In Arabic].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashtiewi, Abdelnaser. “French National Assembly and the Question of Fezzan: From Colonialism to Evacuation 1943–1956.” Al-Mukhtar Journal of Social Science 40, no. 3. (2022a): 660–681. https://doi.org/10.54172/mjssc.v40i3.1127. [In Arabic].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashtiewi, Abdelnaser. “French National Assembly and the Question of Fezzan: From Colonialism to Evacuation 1943–1956.” Al-Mukhtar Journal of Social Science 40, no. 3. (2022a): 660–681. https://doi.org/10.54172/mjssc.v40i3.1127. [In Arabic].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashtiewi, Abdelnaser. “French Foreign Policy Regarding the Greater Sirte Region (Gulf of Sirte) from the End of the Second World War to 1952: Colonial Expansion or Politics of the Future?” Research Journal of the University of Sirte 20. (2022b): 368–384 [In Arabic].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashtiewi, Abdelnaser. “French Foreign Policy Regarding the Greater Sirte Region (Gulf of Sirte) from the End of the Second World War to 1952: Colonial Expansion or Politics of the Future?” Research Journal of the University of Sirte 20. (2022b): 368–384 [In Arabic].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellair-Baudier, Renée. “The Fezzan.” L’Information Géographique 13, no. 1 (1949): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.3406/ingeo.1949.5416. [In French]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellair-Baudier, Renée. “The Fezzan.” L’Information Géographique 13, no. 1 (1949): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.3406/ingeo.1949.5416. [In French]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennaﬂa, Karine. “Chad: the Arab-Islamic Siren Call.” Autrepart 16 (2000): 67–86 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennaﬂa, Karine. “Chad: the Arab-Islamic Siren Call.” Autrepart 16 (2000): 67–86 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bensaad, Ali. “Power Struggles, Transnational Networks and Territorial Reconﬁgurations in Fezzan, Libya.” Maghreb-Machrek, no. 2. (2019): 121–138. https://doi.org/10.3917/machr.240.0121. [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bensaad, Ali. “Power Struggles, Transnational Networks and Territorial Reconﬁgurations in Fezzan, Libya.” Maghreb-Machrek, no. 2. (2019): 121–138. https://doi.org/10.3917/machr.240.0121. [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bulhasen, Saifelnaser. Franco-Libyan relations. (PhD diss., Université d’Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand I, France, 2000).[In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulhasen, Saifelnaser. Franco-Libyan relations. (PhD diss., Université d’Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand I, France, 2000).[In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chesnot, Christian, and Georges Malbrunot. The French Downgrading: Élysée, Quai d’Orsay, DGSE: Secrets of a Strategic War of Inﬂuence. Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon, 2022 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chesnot, Christian, and Georges Malbrunot. The French Downgrading: Élysée, Quai d’Orsay, DGSE: Secrets of a Strategic War of Inﬂuence. Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon, 2022 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Childs, Timothy Winston. Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911–1912. New York: E.J. Brill, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Childs, Timothy Winston. Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War over Libya, 1911–1912. New York: E.J. Brill, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cocatre-Zilgien, André. “The Franco-Libyan Agreements.” Annuaire français de droit international 2, no. 1 (1956): 242–254. https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1956.1233 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cocatre-Zilgien, André. “The Franco-Libyan Agreements.” Annuaire français de droit international 2, no. 1 (1956): 242–254. https://doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1956.1233 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Gaulle, Charles. Memoirs of war. Paris: Gallimard. 2020 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Gaulle, Charles. Memoirs of war. Paris: Gallimard. 2020 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. London: ACLS, 1954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. London: ACLS, 1954.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frémeaux, Jacques. Africa in the shadow of swords, 1830–1930. (PhD diss., Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, France, 1999). [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frémeaux, Jacques. Africa in the shadow of swords, 1830–1930. (PhD diss., Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, France, 1999). [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genevois, Julien. “France and the Settlement of the Libyan Question. 1945–1949.” Cahier Thucydide 13 (2013): 1–84 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genevois, Julien. “France and the Settlement of the Libyan Question. 1945–1949.” Cahier Thucydide 13 (2013): 1–84 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graeﬀ, Christian, and Clairet, Sophie. “Qaddaﬁ, Libya and French Foreign Policy.” Diplomatie, no. 5 (2003): 79–82 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graeﬀ, Christian, and Clairet, Sophie. “Qaddaﬁ, Libya and French Foreign Policy.” Diplomatie, no. 5 (2003): 79–82 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harchaoui, Jalel. “France’s Libyan Policy and Its Historical Antecedents.” Revue internationale et stratégique 116, no. 4 (2019): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.116.0033. [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harchaoui, Jalel. “France’s Libyan Policy and Its Historical Antecedents.” Revue internationale et stratégique 116, no. 4 (2019): 33–43. https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.116.0033. [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harmon, Stephen Albert. Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012-2013. The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms Series. Farnham, Surrey, UK ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harmon, Stephen Albert. Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012-2013. The International Political Economy of New Regionalisms Series. Farnham, Surrey, UK ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly, Saul. “‘Ce Fruit Savoureux Du Desert’: Britain, France, and the Fezzan, 1941-56.” Maghreb Review 26, no. 1. (2001): 2–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly, Saul. “‘Ce Fruit Savoureux Du Desert’: Britain, France, and the Fezzan, 1941-56.” Maghreb Review 26, no. 1. (2001): 2–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krüger, Laura-Theresa, and Bernhard Stahl. “The French Foreign Policy U-Turn in the Arab Spring – the Case of Tunisia.” Mediterranean Politics 23, no. 2 (3 April 2018): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1253685.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krüger, Laura-Theresa, and Bernhard Stahl. “The French Foreign Policy U-Turn in the Arab Spring – the Case of Tunisia.” Mediterranean Politics 23, no. 2 (3 April 2018): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1253685.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lounnas, Djallil. “The Links between Jihadi Organizations and Illegal Traﬃcking in the Sahel.“ MENARA Working papers. (2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lounnas, Djallil. “The Links between Jihadi Organizations and Illegal Traﬃcking in the Sahel.“ MENARA Working papers. (2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouric, Nelly. “France’s Chad policy under Valéry Giscard d’Estaing.” Politique africaine 16 (1984): 86–101 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mouric, Nelly. “France’s Chad policy under Valéry Giscard d’Estaing.” Politique africaine 16 (1984): 86–101 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otayek, René. “Libya Takes on France in Chad: Who Loses, Who Wins?” Politique africaine 16 (1984): 66–85 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otayek, René. “Libya Takes on France in Chad: Who Loses, Who Wins?” Politique africaine 16 (1984): 66–85 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmieri, Tommaso. A Comparative Study of Italian and French Military Administration in the Libyan Fezzan: A case of Colonial Continuity (1930–1951) (PhD diss., Aix-Marseille Université, France, 2015) [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmieri, Tommaso. A Comparative Study of Italian and French Military Administration in the Libyan Fezzan: A case of Colonial Continuity (1930–1951) (PhD diss., Aix-Marseille Université, France, 2015) [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powell, Nathaniel Kinsey. France’s Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa. African Studies Series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powell, Nathaniel Kinsey. France’s Wars in Chad: Military Intervention and Decolonization in Africa. African Studies Series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prunier, Gérard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. Crises in World Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prunier, Gérard. Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide. Crises in World Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romo-Navarrete, Maria. “A Franco-Libyan Face-oﬀ: From the French Fezzan to the Ratiﬁcation of the Friendship Treaty (1951–1957).” Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire 89, no. 336 (2002): 361–389. https://doi.org/10.3406/outre.2002.3997. [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romo-Navarrete, Maria. “A Franco-Libyan Face-oﬀ: From the French Fezzan to the Ratiﬁcation of the Friendship Treaty (1951–1957).” Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire 89, no. 336 (2002): 361–389. https://doi.org/10.3406/outre.2002.3997. [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sibguet, Ouelguelguet. “France and the Libyans of Chad during the Fezzan Crisis (April 1954–January 1955).” Guerres Mondiales et Conﬂits Contemporains 196 (1999): 37–51 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sibguet, Ouelguelguet. “France and the Libyans of Chad during the Fezzan Crisis (April 1954–January 1955).” Guerres Mondiales et Conﬂits Contemporains 196 (1999): 37–51 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triaud, Jean-Louis. Chad 1900–1902 : A Forgotten Franco-Libyan War. A Muslim Brotherhood, The Sanūsiyya Facing France. Racines Du Présent. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1987 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triaud, Jean-Louis. Chad 1900–1902 : A Forgotten Franco-Libyan War. A Muslim Brotherhood, The Sanūsiyya Facing France. Racines Du Présent. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1987 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triaud, Jean-Louis. The Black Legend of La Sanûsiyya: A Saharan Muslim Brotherhood Under French Eyes (1840–1930). Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1995 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triaud, Jean-Louis. The Black Legend of La Sanûsiyya: A Saharan Muslim Brotherhood Under French Eyes (1840–1930). Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1995 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vernier, Bernard. “The Status of Fezzan.” Politique étrangère 12, no. 2. (1947): 189–200 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vernier, Bernard. “The Status of Fezzan.” Politique étrangère 12, no. 2. (1947): 189–200 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wannās, al-Munṣif, Pierre-Noël Denieuil, and Muḥammad Ṣaddām, eds. A little-known story: Libyan-French relations in Fezzan from 1943 to 1956: a Libyan-French-Tunisian perspective. Tunis: IRMC, Cérès éditions, 2012 [In French].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wannās, al-Munṣif, Pierre-Noël Denieuil, and Muḥammad Ṣaddām, eds. A little-known story: Libyan-French relations in Fezzan from 1943 to 1956: a Libyan-French-Tunisian perspective. Tunis: IRMC, Cérès éditions, 2012 [In French].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wehrey, Frederic. Insecurity and Governance Challenges in Southern Libya. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wehrey, Frederic. Insecurity and Governance Challenges in Southern Libya. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
