<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-1-46-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-537</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политический Запад как конец истории</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Political West as the End of History</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саква</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakwa</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саква Ричард - Почетный профессор политических наук, Кентский университет в Кентербери.</p><p>CT2 7NZ, Кентербери, Кент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Richard Sakwa - Professor Emeritus of Russian and European politics, University of Kent University of Kent.</p><p>Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NP</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">R.Sakwa@kent.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Кентский университет в Кентербери<country>Великобритания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University of Kent University of Kent<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Саква Р., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Саква Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sakwa R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/537">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/537</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматривается устойчивое влияние политического Запада – структуры власти, возникшей в эпоху холодной войны и продолжающей формировать международные отношения сегодня. Вопреки ожиданиям его самороспуска после распада Советского Союза, политический Запад расширил свое влияние, движимый верой в идеологическое превосходство либеральной демократии. Эта экспансия, подпитываемая представлениями о «конце истории», привела к сохранению динамики холодной войны, характеризующейся враждебными отношениями и идеологическими конфликтами. В исследовании противопоставляются ожидания позитивного мира в эпоху после окончания холодной войны и реальность продолжающегося антагонизма, примером которого являются такие конфликты, как Балканские войны и интервенции НАТО в Ираке и Ливии. Кульминацией обострения напряженности стало начало второй холодной войны в 2014 г., ознаменовавшееся прокси-конфликтами и, в частности, украинским кризисом 2022 г. В ответ на напористость западного политического блока возникло альтернативное объединение во главе с Россией и Китаем, бросившее вызов одностороннему доминированию западных держав. Этот политический Восток, хотя и воплощает антигегемонистские настроения, сохраняет консервативную позицию в рамках международной системы Устава ООН. В заключение в статье подчеркивается фундаментальная трансформация международной политики в многополярный ландшафт. Хотя и политический Запад, и Восток продолжают поддерживать принципы Устава ООН, интенсификация военных действий чревата дестабилизацией международного порядка. В условиях непрекращающейся динамики холодной войны и вызовов, связанных с глобальными изменениями окружающей среды, будущее человечества становится все более неопределенным.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper examines the enduring influence of the Political West, a power structure that emerged during the Cold War era and continues to shape international relations nowadays. Contrary to expectations of its dissolution following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Political West expanded its influence, propelled by a belief in the ideological superiority of liberal democracy. This expansion, fuelled by notions of the “end of history,” has led to the perpetuation of Cold War dynamics, characterised by adversarial relations and ideological conflicts. The study contrasts the expectations of a post-Cold War era of positive peace with the reality of continued antagonism, exemplified by conflicts such as the Balkan wars and NATO’s interventions in Iraq and Libya. The exacerbation of tensions culminated in the onset of Cold War II in 2014, marked by proxy conflicts and, notably, the Ukrainian crisis of 2022. In response to the assertiveness of the Western political bloc, an alternative alignment led by Russia and China has emerged, challenging the unilateral dominance of Western powers. This Political East, while embodying anti-hegemonic sentiments, maintains a conservative stance within the framework of the international Charter system. The paper concludes by highlighting the fundamental transformation of international politics into a multipolar landscape. Although both the Political West and East continue to espouse the principles of the Charter, the intensification of hostilities risks destabilising the international order. In the context of the enduring Cold War dynamics and the challenges posed by global environmental change, the future of humanity is increasingly uncertain.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политический Запад</kwd><kwd>холодная война</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>политический Восток</kwd><kwd>международная система</kwd><kwd>Устав ООН</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Political West</kwd><kwd>cold war</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>Political East</kwd><kwd>Charter International System</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acharya, Amitav. “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order.” Ethics &amp; International Aﬀairs 31, no. 3 (2017): 271–285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acharya, Amitav. “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order.” Ethics &amp; International Aﬀairs 31, no. 3 (2017): 271–285.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acharya, Amitav. The End of American World Order. Second edition. Cambridge: Polity, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acharya, Amitav. The End of American World Order. Second edition. Cambridge: Polity, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson, Perry. “The Standard of Civilization.” New Left Review 143 (September–October 2023).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson, Perry. “The Standard of Civilization.” New Left Review 143 (September–October 2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977/1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977/1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caro, Carlo J. V. “Is “The Chinese World” the Future? Confucianism and Xi Jinping.” The National Interest. 19 March 2023. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/%E2%80%9C-chinese-world%E2%80%9D-future-confucianism-and-xi-jinping-206327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caro, Carlo J. V. “Is “The Chinese World” the Future? Confucianism and Xi Jinping.” The National Interest. 19 March 2023. https://nationalinterest.org/feature/%E2%80%9C-chinese-world%E2%80%9D-future-confucianism-and-xi-jinping-206327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doyle, Michael W. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doyle, Michael W. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doyle, Michael W. Liberal Peace: Selected Essays. London: Routledge, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doyle, Michael W. Liberal Peace: Selected Essays. London: Routledge, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dugard, John, “The Choice Before Us: International Law or a “Rules-Based International Order”?.” Leiden Journal of International Law 36, issue 2 (June 2023): 223–232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dugard, John, “The Choice Before Us: International Law or a “Rules-Based International Order”?.” Leiden Journal of International Law 36, issue 2 (June 2023): 223–232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 1–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 1–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. Multiple Modernities. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. Multiple Modernities. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Finley, Emily B. The Ideology of Democratism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Finley, Emily B. The Ideology of Democratism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukuyama, Francis. “The End of History.” The National Interest, no. 16 (Summer 1989): 3–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukuyama, Francis. “The End of History.” The National Interest, no. 16 (Summer 1989): 3–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glennon, Michael J. National Security and Double Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glennon, Michael J. National Security and Double Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Headley, James. “Challenging the EU’s Claim to Moral Authority: Russian Talk of ‘Double Standards’.” Asia Europe Journal 13, no. 3 (2015): 297–307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Headley, James. “Challenging the EU’s Claim to Moral Authority: Russian Talk of ‘Double Standards’.” Asia Europe Journal 13, no. 3 (2015): 297–307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hill, William H. No Place for Russia: European Security Institutions since 1989. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hill, William H. No Place for Russia: European Security Institutions since 1989. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikenberry, G. John. A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order. New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikenberry, G. John. A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crisis of Global Order. New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan, Robert D. The Tragic Mind: Fear, Fate, and the Burden of Power. New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan, Robert D. The Tragic Mind: Fear, Fate, and the Burden of Power. New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kissinger, Henry. World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. London: Allen Lane, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kissinger, Henry. World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. London: Allen Lane, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lieven, Anatol, and John Hulsman. Ethical Realism: A Vision for America’s Role in the World. New York: Pantheon, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lieven, Anatol, and John Hulsman. Ethical Realism: A Vision for America’s Role in the World. New York: Pantheon, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lieven, Anatol, and John Hulsman. “Ethical Realism and Contemporary Challenges.” American Foreign Policy Interests 28, no. 6 (2006): 413–420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lieven, Anatol, and John Hulsman. “Ethical Realism and Contemporary Challenges.” American Foreign Policy Interests 28, no. 6 (2006): 413–420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mearsheimer, John J. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security 19, no. 3 (1994/1995): 5–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mearsheimer, John J. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security 19, no. 3 (1994/1995): 5–49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mearsheimer, John J. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. London and New Haven: CT, Yale University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mearsheimer, John J. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. London and New Haven: CT, Yale University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mearsheimer, John J. “Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order.” International Security 43, no. 4 (Spring 2019): 7–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mearsheimer, John J. “Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order.” International Security 43, no. 4 (Spring 2019): 7–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moyn, Samuel. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neumann, Iver B. Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations. London: Routledge, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neumann, Iver B. Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations. London: Routledge, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porter, Patrick. The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of Trump. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porter, Patrick. The False Promise of Liberal Order: Nostalgia, Delusion and the Rise of Trump. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross, Nicholas, and Grant Dawson. “Mearsheimer, Realism, and the Ukraine War.” Analyse &amp; Kritik 44, 2 (2022): 175–200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross, Nicholas, and Grant Dawson. “Mearsheimer, Realism, and the Ukraine War.” Analyse &amp; Kritik 44, 2 (2022): 175–200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakwa, Richard. “Europe and the Political: From Axiological Monism to Pluralistic Dialogism.” East European Politics 33, no. 3 (2017): 406–425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakwa, Richard. “Europe and the Political: From Axiological Monism to Pluralistic Dialogism.” East European Politics 33, no. 3 (2017): 406–425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakwa, Richard. “The End of the Revolution: Mimetic Theory, Axiological Violence, and the Possibility of Dialogical Transcendence.” Telos, no. 185 (December 2018): 35–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakwa, Richard. “The End of the Revolution: Mimetic Theory, Axiological Violence, and the Possibility of Dialogical Transcendence.” Telos, no. 185 (December 2018): 35–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakwa, Richard. “The Perils of Democratism.” Polis: Political Studies, no. 2 (2023): 88–102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakwa, Richard. “The Perils of Democratism.” Polis: Political Studies, no. 2 (2023): 88–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakwa, Richard. The Lost Peace: How the West Failed to Prevent a Second Cold War. London &amp; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakwa, Richard. The Lost Peace: How the West Failed to Prevent a Second Cold War. London &amp; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarotte, Mary Elise. Not One Inch: America, Russia and the Making of Post-Cold War Stalemate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarotte, Mary Elise. Not One Inch: America, Russia and the Making of Post-Cold War Stalemate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson, Gerry. “Two Liberalisms.” European Journal of International Law 12, no. 3 (2001): 537–571.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simpson, Gerry. “Two Liberalisms.” European Journal of International Law 12, no. 3 (2001): 537–571.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walt, Stephen M. The Hell of Good Intentions: America’s Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of US Primacy. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walt, Stephen M. The Hell of Good Intentions: America’s Foreign Policy Elite and the Decline of US Primacy. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waltz, Kenneth N. “Structural Realism after the Cold War.” International Security 25, no. 1, (Summer 2000): 5–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waltz, Kenneth N. “Structural Realism after the Cold War.” International Security 25, no. 1, (Summer 2000): 5–41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wertheim, Stephen. Tomorrow the World: The Birth of US Global Supremacy. Harvard: Belknap Press, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wertheim, Stephen. Tomorrow the World: The Birth of US Global Supremacy. Harvard: Belknap Press, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wertheim, Stephen. “Iraq and the Pathologies of Primacy.” Foreign Aﬀairs 102, no. 3 (May/June 2023): 136–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wertheim, Stephen. “Iraq and the Pathologies of Primacy.” Foreign Aﬀairs 102, no. 3 (May/June 2023): 136–152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
