imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-2-36-56imi-550Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLESВ будущее возьмут не всех? Место прогнозирования в международно-политических теорияхNot Everyone Will Be Taken into the Future? The Role of Forecasting in International Relations TheoryИстоминИ. А.IstominI. А.

Игорь Александрович Истомин, к. полит.н, доцент, и.о. заведующего кафедры прикладного анализа международных проблем (ПАМП)

119454, Москва, пр-т Вернадского, 76

Igor A. Istomin, PhD (Polit. Sci), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Applied International Political Analysis

76, Vernadsky avenue, Moscow, 119454

iaistomin@gmail.comМГИМО МИД РоссииРоссияMGIMO UniversityRussian Federation2024200920241523656Copyright © Истомин И.А., 20242024Истомин И.А.Istomin I.А.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/550

Дискуссии о соотношения теории и прогноза в зарубежных изданиях активизировались с 2010-х гг., но в российской литературе эта тематика остается в значительной степени непроблематизированной. Настоящая статья систематизирует выдвигаемые в исследованиях международных отношений оценки роли теории в прогнозировании, выявляя перспективы совмещения прескриптивных, объяснительных, интерпретативных и предиктивных функций науки. Она раскрывает истоки как скепсиса теоретиков относительно прогнозов, так и ответной критики бесплодного теоретизирования. В результате статья выявляет ограничения и доминирующей в дисциплине гипотетико-дедуктивной модели познания, и оппонирующего ей статистического индуктивизма. Анализ начинается с представления различных классов теорий, сформировавшихся в исследованиях международных отношений.

Оно демонстрирует, что базовые установки нормативного, деконструирующего и интерпретативного теоретизирования плохо совместимы с прогнозированием. После этого рассматривается амбивалентное отношение к прогнозам сторонников объяснительных теорий, апеллирующих к принципиальной непрогнозируемости социальных взаимодействий.

Статья отмечает появление с конца 2000-х гг. расчетов на то, что аккумулирование больших массивов данных вкупе с развитием методов их обработки обеспечит предсказания без опоры на объяснительные умозаключения. Тем не менее повышению прикладной ценности научных разработок способствовало бы совмещение теоретических объяснений и прогнозных исследований. Предпринятый обзор подводит к выводу: для того, чтобы теория могла играть большую роль в прогнозировании, прогнозы должны играть большую роль в теоретизировании. Принципиально разделять заключения/выводы о реальности, которые теоретики, безусловно, делают, и предположения о будущем, которые они в массе своей предлагать отказываются, а стоило бы.

The 2010s witnessed intensified debates in international academia on the relationship between theory and forecast, but Russian scholarship remained detached from these discussions. This article intends to examine the contribution of theory to forecasting in IR, identifying prospects for combining the prescriptive, explanatory, interpretive and predictive functions of science. It reveals the origins of both theoretical skepticism about prediction and the countercriticism of futile theorizing. The article reveals the limitations of both the hypothetico-deductive model of scholarship, which dominates  the discipline, and the statistical inductivism that opposes it. The analysis begins by identifying the different classes of theories in international relations studies. It demonstrates that the basic assumptions of normative, deconstructive, and interpretive theorizing are poorly compatible with prediction. The article further scrutinizes the ambivalent attitude of explanatory theories towards the matter, claiming the fundamental unpredictability of social interactions. It explores the growth in expectations since the late 2000s that the accumulation of big data and the advancement of methods for processing them will provide predictions without relying on explanatory inferences. Nevertheless, the value of scholarship for foreign policy practice requires a combination of theoretical explanations and predictive studies. This article suggests that for theory to play a major role in forecasting, forecasts must play a major role in theorizing. In this sense, reluctance to test their logical inferences with predictions exemplified by scholars poses a barrier to the development of IR studies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.