imiМеждународная аналитикаJournal of International Analytics2587-84762541-9633MGIMO University10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-2-57-73imi-552Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLES«Африканская агентность» в конструировании «африканской агентности»: международные исследования на Черном континенте“African Agency” in Constructing “African Agency”: International Studies in AfricaДегтеревД. А.DegterevD. А.

Д.А. Дегтерев, д.полит.н., к.э.н., профессор, в.н.с.

123001, Москва, ул. Спиридоновка, 30/1

Denis A. Degterev, PhD (Polit. Sci.), PhS (Econ.), Professor, Leading Research Fellow

30/1 Spiridonovka street, Moscow, 123001

ddegterev@inafr.ruИнститут Африки РАНРоссияInstitute for African Studies RASRussian Federation2024200920241525773Copyright © Дегтерев Д.А., 20242024Дегтерев Д.А.Degterev D.А.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/552

Данная статья посвящена проблемам и перспективам развития науки о международных отношениях в Тропической Африке. В исследовании рассматривается феномен африканской агентности (субъектности) на двух уровнях: внешнеполитической экспертизы и практики, с особым акцентом на первый уровень. Африканская агентность – это концептуализация зависимого развития континента в контексте агент-структурной проблемы в международных отношениях, позволяющая посредством конструктивистского подхода более реалистично передать основные особенности международных отношений на континенте. В статье представлен инструментальный и даже манипулятивный аспекты нарратива «африканской агентности», при этом особое внимание уделяется пределам агентности. Среди них – недостаточный уровень распространения качественного среднего и высшего образования, особенно на национальных языках. Показан советский опыт выхода общественной науки Мали из «интеллектуального кокона» бывшей метрополии. Исследуется проблема финансирования ведущих африканских мозговых центров по международным отношениям, в т.ч. их зависимость от западных и китайских источников, а также усиливающаяся иерархичность науки о международных отношениях, что негативно сказывается на положении дел на континенте. Проведен анализ участия африканских исследователей в международных конференциях, в том числе в рамках Ассоциации международных исследований (ISA). Большое внимание уделяется позитивным примерам развития африканской агентности – проведению пяти Международных конгрессов африканистов в 1960–1980-е гг., а также деятельности Совета по развитию исследований в области социальных наук в Африке (CODESRIA). Представлены основные элементы успешного развития деятельности CODESRIA в 1970–1980-е годы. В заключении сделаны выводы о перспективах усиления агентности в международных исследованиях Африки в контексте современных геополитических трансформаций.

This article is devoted to the problems and prospects for the development of international relations science in Tropical Africa. The study examines the phenomenon of African agency (subjectivity) at two levels: foreign policy expertise and practice, with a special emphasis on the first level. African agency is a conceptualization of the continent’s dependent development in the context of the agent-structural problem in international relations, which allows, through a constructivist approach, to more realistically convey the main features of international relations on the continent.

The article presents the instrumental and even manipulative aspect of the “African agency” narrative, with special attention paid to the limits of agency. Among them is the insufficient level of distribution of high-quality secondary and higher education, especially in national languages.

The Soviet experience of Mali’s social science emerging from the “intellectual cocoon” of the former metropolis is shown. The problem of financing leading African think tanks on international relations, including their dependence on Western and Chinese sources, as well as the increasing hierarchy of international relations science, which negatively affects the state of affairs on the continent.

An analysis of the participation of African researchers in international conferences, including within the framework of the International Studies Association (ISA), is conducted. Much attention is paid to positive examples of the development of African agency, e.g. five International Congresses of Africanists in the 1960–1980s, as well as the activities of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). The main elements of the successful development of CODESRIA in the 1970–1980s are presented. Conclusions are made on the prospects for strengthening agency in international studies of Africa in the context of modern geopolitical transformations.

Африкамеждународные исследованияафриканская агентностьнаучные иерархииконгресс африканистовCODESRIAAfricaInternational StudiesAfrican Agencyknowledge hierarchiesCongress of AfricanistsCODESRIAReferencesАбрамова, И.О. (ред). Африка: неоплаченный долг колонизаторов / под ред. И.О. Абрамовой. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2023.Afrika: Neoplachennyj Dolg Kolonizatorov, edited by Irina O. Abramova. Mocow: Institut Afriki RAN, 2023 [In Russian].Бокерия, С.А., Давидчук, А.С., Дегтерев, Д.А., Дубровский, И.Р., Журавлева, Е.В., Енокян, А.В., Ивкина, Н.В., Никулин, М.А., Кассае Ныгусие, В.М., Шпаковская, М.А. Советские исследования неоколониализма // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2022. Т. 22 (04). C. 671–687. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-4-671-687.Bokeriya, Svetlana A., Davidchuk, Anna S., Degterev, Denis A., Dubrovskij, Ivan R., ZHuravleva, Evgeniya V., Enokyan, Artem V., Ivkina, Natalia V., Nikulin, Maxim A., Kassae Nigusie, W.M., SHpakovskaya, Marina A. “Sovetskie Issledovaniya Neokolonializma.” Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov 22, no. 4 (2022): 671–687 [In Russian].Вилисов, М.В. Поворот на Юг: аналитические центры Африки как потенциальные партнеры исследовательских центров стран ЕАЭС // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2022. Т. 15 (04). С. 116–136. https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2022.04.07.Vilisov, Maxim V. “Povorot na Yug: Analiticheskie Centry Afriki kak Potencial’nye Partnery Issledovatel’skih Centrov Stran EAES.” Kontury global’nyh transformacij: politika, ekonomika, pravo 15, no. 6 (2022): 116–136 [In Russian].Горлянский, С.П. Профессор: памяти доктора исторических наук Дмитрия Павловича Урсу // Ученые записки Крымского федерального университета имени В.И. Вернадского. Исторические науки. 2017. Т. 3 (69). № 1. С. 168–173.Gorlyanskij, Sergei P. “Professor: Pamyati Doktora Istoricheskih Nauk Dmitriya Pavlovicha Ursu.” Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federal’nogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Istoricheskie nauki 69, no. 3 (2017): 168–173 [In Russian].Дегтерев, Д.А. Африканский континент как полюс притяжения: вопросы солидарности и соперничества // Проблемы национальной стратегии. 2023а. № 3 (78). С. 256–273.Degterev, Denis A. “Afrikanskij Kontinent kak Polyus Prityazheniya: Voprosy Solidarnosti i Sopernichestva .” Problemy nacional’noj strategii 78, no. 3 (2023a): 256–273 [In Russian].Дегтерев, Д.А. К окончанию «постколониального момента» антиколониальной борьбы: контуры исследовательской программы // Постколониализм и современность. 2023б. № 1. С. 13–46.Degterev, Denis A. “K Okonchaniyu «Postkolonial’nogo Momenta» Antikolonial’noj Bor’by: Kontury Issledovatel’skoj Programmy.” Postkolonializm i sovremennost’, no. 1 (2023b): 13–46 [In Russian].Емельяненко, Е. Принцип убунту во внутренней и внешней политике ЮАР // Международный аспект. 2023. Т. 4 (01). С. 12–35.Emel’yanenko, Ekaterina. “Princip Ubuntu vo Vnutrennej i Vneshnej Politike YUAR.” Mezhdunarodnyj aspekt 4, no. 1 (2023): 12–35 [In Russian].Зверев, В.В. Р.А. Арсланову, ученому и педагогу, 70 лет! // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: История России. 2018. Т. 17 (04). С. 946–953. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2018-17-4-946-953.Zverev, V.V. “Researcher and Professor Rafael A. Arslanov is 70 years old!” Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov 17, no. 4 (2018): 946–953 [In Russian].Кассае, Н.В., Ивкина Н.В. Основные этапы становления и развития концепции панафриканизма: история и современность // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2022. № 10. C. 34–40. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750022719-2.Kassae, Nigusie, W.M., and Natalia V. Ivkina. “Osnovnye Etapy Stanovleniya i Razvitiya Koncepcii Panafrikanizma: Istoriya i Sovremennost’.” Aziya i Afrika segodnya 10 (2022): 34–40 [In Russian].Ковалев, М.В. Иван Изосимович Потехин и Первый международный конгресс африканистов (1962) // История. 2023. Т. 14 (23). C. 86–100. https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840025653-7.Kovalev, Mikhail V. “Ivan Izosimovich Potekhin i Pervyj Mezhdunarodnyj Kongress Afrikanistov (1962 g.).” Istoriya 14, no. 23 (2023): 86–100 [In Russian].Кузнецов, С.И. Жизнь, отданная науке. К 70летию со дня рождения доктора исторических наук, профессора Г.Н. Новикова // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Серия: История. 2019. Т. 28. С. 78–89. https://doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2019.28.78.Kuznecov, Sergei I. “Zhizn’, Otdannaya Nauke. K 70-Letiyu so Dnya Rozhdeniya Doktora Istoricheskih Nauk, Professora G.N. Novikova.” Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 28 (2019): 78–89 [In Russian].Лункин, Р.Н., Гу, Хо Ом., Дегтерев, Д.А., Клемешев, А.П., Кузнецова, Т.Ю., Федоров, Г.М. Научные журналы в условиях трансформации международных отношений: проблемы, вызовы и перспективы. Часть 2. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Международные отношения. 2023. Т. 16 (04). С. 428–436. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2023.407.Lunkin, Roman N., Gu, Ho Om., Degterev, Denis A.,Klemeshev, Andrei P., Kuznecova, Tatiana Yu., and Gennadiy Fedorov. “Nauchnye Zhurnaly v Usloviyah Transformacii Mezhdunarodnyh Otnoshenij: Problemy, Vyzovy i Perspektivy. Chast’ 2.” Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya 16, no. 4 (2023): 428–436 [In Russian].Klemeshev, Andrei P., Kuznecova, Tatiana Yu., and Gennadiy Fedorov. “Nauchnye Zhurnaly v Usloviyah Transformacii Mezhdunarodnyh Otnoshenij: Problemy, Vyzovy i Perspektivy. Chast’ 2.” Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya 16, no. 4 (2023): 428–436 [In Russian].Миротворчество в многополярном мире / под ред. С.А. Бокерии и Д.А. Дегтерева. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2024.Mirotvorchestvo v Mnogopolyarnom Mire, edited by Svetlana A. Bokeriya and Denis A. Degterev. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2024 [In Russian].Новиков, Г.Н. Теории международных отношений. Иркутск: Изд. Иркут. ун-та, 1996.Novikov, Gennadiy N. Teorii Mezhdunarodnyh Otnoshenij. Irkutsk: Izd. Irkut. un-ta, 1996 [In Russian].Соколов, М., Титаев, К. Провинциальная и туземная наука // Антропологический форум. 2013. № 19. С. 239–275.Sokolov, Mikhail., and Kirill Titaev. “Provincial’naya i Tuzemnaya Nauka.” Antropologicheskij forum 19 (2013): 239–275 [In Russian].Филиппов, В.Р. Феномен «Франсафрик» в зеркале французской историографии // Ученые записки Института Африки РАН. 2022. № 3 (60). С. 73–87. https://doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-73-87.Filippov, Vasiliy R. “Fenomen ‘Fransafrik’ v Zerkale Francuzskoj Istoriografii.” Uchenye zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, no. 3 (2022): 73–87 [In Russian].Фитуни, Л.Л., Абрамова, И.О. Политическая теория деколонизации: императивы современного прочтения // Полис. Политические исследования. 2020. № 6. С. 26–40. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.06.03.Fituni, Leonid L., and Irina O. Abramova. “Politicheskaya Teoriya Dekolonizacii: Imperativy Sovremennogo Prochteniya.” Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, no. 6 (2020): 26–40 [In Russian].Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations. Rethinking Decolonization and Foreign Policy Concepts, edited by Alexey M. Vasiliev, Denis A. Degterev, and Timothy M. Shaw. Cham: Springer, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77336-6.Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations. Rethinking Decolonization and Foreign Policy Concepts, edited by Alexey M. Vasiliev, Denis A. Degterev, and Timothy M. Shaw. Cham: Springer, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77336-6.Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations. Vol. II. Beyond Summit Diplomacy: Cooperation with Africa in the Post-Pandemic World, edited by Alexey M. Vasiliev, Denis A. Degterev, and Timothy M. Shaw. Cham: Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34041-3.Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations. Vol. II. Beyond Summit Diplomacy: Cooperation with Africa in the Post-Pandemic World, edited by Alexey M. Vasiliev, Denis A. Degterev, and Timothy M. Shaw. Cham: Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34041-3.African Agency in International Politics, edited by William Brown, and Sophie Harman. London: Routledge, 2013.African Agency in International Politics, edited by William Brown, and Sophie Harman. London: Routledge, 2013.Alexander, Dan, and Bryan Rooney. “Vote-Buying by the United States in the United Nations,” International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2019): 168–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy059.Alexander, Dan, and Bryan Rooney. “Vote-Buying by the United States in the United Nations,” International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2019): 168–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy059.Asante, Molefi K. “The Afrocentric Idea in Education,” Journal of Negro Education 60, no. 2 (1991): 170–180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2295608.Asante, Molefi K. “The Afrocentric Idea in Education,” Journal of Negro Education 60, no. 2 (1991): 170–180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2295608.Bah, Abu-Bakarr. “African Agency in New Humanitarianism and Responsible Government.” In International Security and Peacebuilding: Africa, the Middle East and Europe, edited by Abu-Bakarr Bah.Bah, Abu-Bakarr. “African Agency in New Humanitarianism and Responsible Government.” In International Security and Peacebuilding: Africa, the Middle East and Europe, edited by Abu-Bakarr Bah.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20061cg.9.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20061cg.9.Bondarenko, Dmitri M., Nkyabonaki, Jason, and Beatrice M. Mkunde. “Foreign Aid and Self-Reliance in Post-Socialist Tanzania (The Case of the Distribution of Mosquito Bed Nets).” Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 1, no. 1 (2013): 67–103.Bondarenko, Dmitri M., Nkyabonaki, Jason, and Beatrice M. Mkunde. “Foreign Aid and Self-Reliance in Post-Socialist Tanzania (The Case of the Distribution of Mosquito Bed Nets).” Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 1, no. 1 (2013): 67–103.Braumoeller, Bear F. The Great Powers and the International System: Systemic Theory in Empirical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511793967.Braumoeller, Bear F. The Great Powers and the International System: Systemic Theory in Empirical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511793967.Brosig, Malte, and Markus Lecki. “The African Three (A3) at the United Nations Security Council: Translating Agency into Influence.” Politikon. South African Journal of Political Studies 49, no. 3 (2022): 254–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2022.2122003.Brosig, Malte, and Markus Lecki. “The African Three (A3) at the United Nations Security Council: Translating Agency into Influence.” Politikon. South African Journal of Political Studies 49, no. 3 (2022): 254–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2022.2122003.Brown, William. “Question of Agency: Africa in International Politics.” Third World Quarterly 33, no. 10 (2012): 1889–1908. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.728322.Brown, William. “Question of Agency: Africa in International Politics.” Third World Quarterly 33, no. 10 (2012): 1889–1908. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.728322.Chipaike, Ronald, and Matarutse H. Knowledge. “The Question of African Agency in International Relations.” Cogent Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1487257.Chipaike, Ronald, and Matarutse H. Knowledge. “The Question of African Agency in International Relations.” Cogent Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2018). https:// doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1487257.Clapham, Christopher. Africa and the International System. The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549823.Clapham, Christopher. Africa and the International System. The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549823.Dabashi, Hamid. Brown Skin, White Masks. New York: Pluto Press, 2011.Dabashi, Hamid. Brown Skin, White Masks. New York: Pluto Press, 2011.Fisher, Jonathan. “Structure, Agency and Africa in the International System: Donor Diplomacy and Regional Security Policy in East Africa since the 1990s.” Conflict, Security and Development 13, no. 5 (2013): 537–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.849471.Fisher, Jonathan. “Structure, Agency and Africa in the International System: Donor Diplomacy and Regional Security Policy in East Africa since the 1990s.” Conflict, Security and Development 13, no. 5 (2013): 537–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2013.849471.Hoffmann, Stanley. “An American Social Science: International Relations.” Daedalus 106, no. 3 (1977): 41–60.Hoffmann, Stanley. “An American Social Science: International Relations.” Daedalus 106, no. 3 (1977): 41–60.“Second International Congress of Africanists.” Journal of Modern African Studies 6, no. 1 (1968): 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00016712.“Second International Congress of Africanists.” Journal of Modern African Studies 6, no. 1 (1968): 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00016712.Kvangraven, Ingrid H. “Samir Amin: A Pioneering Marxist and Third World Activist.” Development and Change 51, no. 2 (2020): 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12562.Kvangraven, Ingrid H. “Samir Amin: A Pioneering Marxist and Third World Activist.” Development and Change 51, no. 2 (2020): 631–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12562.Lam, Katy N. “Chinese Adaptations: African Agency, Fragmented Community and Social Capital Creation in Ghana.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no. 1 (2015): 9–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400102.Lam, Katy N. “Chinese Adaptations: African Agency, Fragmented Community and Social Capital Creation in Ghana.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no. 1 (2015): 9–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400102.Lindfors, Bernth. “The Third International Congress of Africanists, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 9–19, 1973.” World Literature Written in English 13, no. 1 (1974): 131–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449857408588296.Lindfors, Bernth. “The Third International Congress of Africanists, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 9–19, 1973.” World Literature Written in English 13, no. 1 (1974): 131–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449857408588296.Martin, Guy. African Political Thought. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Martin, Guy. African Political Thought. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Mohan, Giles, and Ben Lampert. “Negotiating China: Reinserting African Agency into China–Africa Relations.” African Affairs 112, no. 446 (2012): 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads065.Mohan, Giles, and Ben Lampert. “Negotiating China: Reinserting African Agency into China–Africa Relations.” African Affairs 112, no. 446 (2012): 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ads065.Money, Duncan, Frøland, Hans O., and Tshepo Gwatiwa. “Africa–EU Relations and Natural Resource Governance: Understanding African Agency in Historical and Contemporary Perspective.” Review of African Political Economy 47, no. 166 (2020): 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1839876.Money, Duncan, Frøland, Hans O., and Tshepo Gwatiwa. “Africa–EU Relations and Natural Resource Governance: Understanding African Agency in Historical and Contemporary Perspective.” Review of African Political Economy 47, no. 166 (2020): 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1839876.Morgenthau, Hans. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.Morgenthau, Hans. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973.Murray-Evans, Peg. “Regionalism and African Agency: Negotiating an Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and SADCMinus.” Third World Quarterly 36, no. 10 (2015): 1845–1865. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1071659.Murray-Evans, Peg. “Regionalism and African Agency: Negotiating an Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and SADCMinus.” Third World Quarterly 36, no. 10 (2015): 1845–1865. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1071659.Oliveira, Felipe A., and Ingrid H. Kvangraven. “Back to Dakar: Decolonizing International Political Economy through Dependency Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 30, no. 5 (2023): 1676–1700. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2023.2169322.Oliveira, Felipe A., and Ingrid H. Kvangraven. “Back to Dakar: Decolonizing International Political Economy through Dependency Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 30, no. 5 (2023): 1676–1700. https:// doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2023.2169322.Recentering Africa in International Relations. Beyond Lack, Peripherality, and Failure, edited by Marta I. de Heredia, and Zubairu Wai. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67510-7.Recentering Africa in International Relations. Beyond Lack, Peripherality, and Failure, edited by Marta I. de Heredia, and Zubairu Wai. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67510-7.Ronen, Shahar, Gonçalves, Bruno, Hu, Kevin, Vespignani, Alessandro, Pinker, Steven, and César A. Hidalgo. “Links that Speak: The Global Language Network and Its Association with Global Fame.” PNAS 111, no. 52 (2014): E5616–E5622. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410931111.Ronen, Shahar, Gonçalves, Bruno, Hu, Kevin, Vespignani, Alessandro, Pinker, Steven, and César A. Hidalgo. “Links that Speak: The Global Language Network and Its Association with Global Fame.” PNAS 111, no. 52 (2014): E5616–E5622. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410931111.Sharawy, Helmi. Political and Social Thought in Africa. Dakar: CODESRIA, 2014.Sharawy, Helmi. Political and Social Thought in Africa. Dakar: CODESRIA, 2014.Shai, Kgothatso. Sholarship and Politics in South Africa’s Higher Education System. London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers, 2021.Shai, Kgothatso. Sholarship and Politics in South Africa’s Higher Education System. London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers, 2021.Shai, Kgothatso, and Makhura Rapanyane. “An Afrocentric Criticism of World Systems Analysis as a Critical Theory in International Relations.” African Journal of Political Science 10, no. 2 (2022): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.36615/ajps.v10i2.1317.Shai, Kgothatso, and Makhura Rapanyane. “An Afrocentric Criticism of World Systems Analysis as a Critical Theory in International Relations.” African Journal of Political Science 10, no. 2 (2022): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.36615/ajps.v10i2.1317.Soulé-Kohndou, Folashadé. “Passive Agents? Bureaucratic Agency in Africa-China Negotiations: A Case Study of Benin.” Working Paper Series 3 (2016).Soulé-Kohndou, Folashadé. “Passive Agents? Bureaucratic Agency in Africa-China Negotiations: A Case Study of Benin.” Working Paper Series 3 (2016).Strange, Susan. States and Markets. London: Continuum, 1988.Strange, Susan. States and Markets. London: Continuum, 1988.Tieku, Thomas K. “The Legon School of International Relations.” Review of International Studies 47, no. 5 (2021): 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000395.Tieku, Thomas K. “The Legon School of International Relations.” Review of International Studies 47, no. 5 (2021): 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000395.Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.Wendt, Alexander. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.” International Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 335–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002081830002751X.Wendt, Alexander. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.” International Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 335–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002081830002751X.Whitaker, Beth E., and John F. Clark. Africa’s International Relations: Balancing Domestic and Global Interests. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2018.Whitaker, Beth E., and John F. Clark. Africa’s International Relations: Balancing Domestic and Global Interests. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2018.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.