<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-3-122-137</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-573</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ESSAY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль негосударственных акторов в языковой политике в Республике Молдова</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Role of Non-State Actors in the Linguistic Policy in the Republic of Moldova</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тулум</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tulum</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Сергеевич Тулум, аспирант, Департамент политики и управления Факультета социальных наук</p><p>109028, Москва, Покровский бульвар, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei S. Tulum, Doctoral student at the School of Politics and Governance, Faculty of Social Sciences, lecturer at the School of Foreign Languages,</p><p>11, Pokrovsky blvd, Moscow, 109028 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">atulum@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тулум А.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тулум А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tulum A.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/573">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/573</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние полвека усиление роли негосударственных акторов в мировой политической системе привело к изменениям не только в сфере международных отношений, но и в других областях политической жизни, среди которых и языковая политика. Перестав быть прерогативой государства и его институтов, она преобразовалась в область политических отношений по вопросам языка между государством и разными негосударственными акторами в рамках так называемой политики языка. Несмотря на то что эта область подразумевает процессы внутри национальных границ, ее участники могут быть как внутренними, так и ассоциированными с внешними акторами, особенно в случае, когда население страны или его часть связаны с kin-states. Наглядным примером такой ситуации является постсоветская Республика Молдова, политический спектр которой разделен между пророссийскими молдовенистскими акторами и сторонниками румынизма. Первые выступают за существование самостоятельной молдавской нации и использование глоттонима «молдавский» для государственного языка, а также придерживаются интернациональной советской традиции управления многообразием, в основе которой лежит русский как язык межнационального общения. Прорумынские силы продвигают румынскую идентичность языка для всего населения республики. Цель статьи – определить актуальный состав акторов политики языка в Молдове на современном этапе. Результаты исследования показывают, что за годы независимости политика языка в республике эволюционировала от противостояния между государством и интеллектуальной элитой до самостоятельной области отношений между разного рода акторами, причем прорумынская группа представляется более влиятельной. При этом наблюдается серьезное ослабление роли государства в политике языка, чьи институты превратились в инструмент борьбы между негосударственными акторами и не способны поддерживать стабильность конституционных основ молдавского государства.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the evolving role of non-state actors in the politics of language, using the postSoviet Republic of Moldova as a case study. Over the past half-century, the increasing influence  of non-state actors in global political systems has led to shifts not only in international relations but also in domestic policy areas such as language policy. Traditionally the exclusive domain of the state, language policy has become an arena of interaction between the state and various non-state actors, including political parties and non-governmental organizations. This interaction, termed the «politics of language,» extends beyond national borders, particularly in cases where a country's population is linked to kin states. In Moldova, the political landscape is divided between pro-Russian Moldovanists, who advocate for a distinct Moldovan identity and the use of “Moldovan” as the state language, and pro-Romanian Romanianists, who promote Romanian identity and language. The research identifies the key actors in Moldova's language politics and reveals that, during the country's independence, the politics of language has shifted from a conflict between the state and intellectual elites to a more complex set of relations between multiple actors, with Romanianists gaining influence. The role of the state has been significantly weakened, as evidenced by the Constitutional Court's reduced capacity to maintain constitutional stability, becoming instead a tool for non-state actors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>негосударственные акторы</kwd><kwd>языковая политика</kwd><kwd>политика языка</kwd><kwd>Республика Молдова</kwd><kwd>румынизм</kwd><kwd>молдовенизм</kwd><kwd>НПО</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-state actors</kwd><kwd>language policy</kwd><kwd>politics of language</kwd><kwd>Republic of Moldova</kwd><kwd>Romanianism</kwd><kwd>Moldovenism</kwd><kwd>NGO</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бардин, А.Л., Баринов, И.И. Проблемы национального развития и консолидации политических пространств (на примере Молдовы и Румынии) // Полис. Политические исследования. 2018. № 6. С. 99–111. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.06.07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bardin, Andrei L., and Igor’ I. Barinov. “Problems of National Development and Consolidation of Political Spaces (the Cases of Moldova and Romania).” Polis. Political Studies, no. 6 (2018): 99–111 [In Russian]. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.06.07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисова, Н.В. Языковая преференциальная политика и политика языка в этнических республиках России: представление базы данных // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. Т. 13. № 3. 2019. С. 99–110. https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2019-3-99-110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisova, Nadezhda V. “Language Preferential Policy and Language Politics in Ethnic Republics of Russia: The Database Presentation.” Bulletin of Perm University. Political Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 99–110 [In Russian]. https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2019-3-99-110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кириллов, В.Б, Путинцев, И.С. Влияние Румынии в Молдавии: формы и эволюция унионизма // Современная Европа. 2018. № 3. С. 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320183748.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirillov, Viktor, and Igor’ Purintsev. “Unionism and Romania’s Infl uence in Moldova: Manifestations and Evolution.” Contemporary Europe, no. 3 (2018): 37–48 [In Russian]. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320183748.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедева, М.М. Предметное поле и предметные поля мировой политики // Международные процессы. 2004. Т. 5. № 2. С. 97–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedeva, Marina M. “The Subject or Subjects of World-Political Studies.” Mezhdunarodnye process 5, no. 2 (2004): 97–108 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухарямов, Н.М. Политика языка и языковая политика // Идентичность: Личность, общество, политика. Энциклопедическое издание / под ред. И.С. Семененко. М: Издательство «Весь Мир», 2017. С. 677–684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muharyamov, Nail’ M. “Politika yazyka i yazykovaya politika.” In: Identichnost’: Lichnost’, obshchestvo, politika. Enciklopedicheskoe izdanie, edited by Irina S. Semenenko, 677–684. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo «Ves’ Mir», 2017 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухарямов, Н.М. Языковая политика и политика языка: к вопросу о «действующих лицах» // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. 2021. Т. 15. № 4. C. 5–15. https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-5-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muharyamov, Nail’ M. “Language Policy and Language Politics: The Question of Actors.” Bulletin of Perm University. Political Science 15, no. 4 (2021): 5–15 [In Russian]. https://doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-5-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурман, Д.Е. Молдавские молдаване и молдавские румыны // Прогнозис. 2007. Т. 9. № 1. С. 278–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furman, Dmitrii E. “Moldovan Moldovans and Romanian Moldovans.” Prognozis 9, no. 1 (2007): 278– 315 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хилханова, Э.В. Люди в языковой политике: теория и практика дискурсивного поворота в социолингвистике (на примере России и Западной Европы) // Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. 2020. Т. 16. № 3. С. 756–815. https://doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khilkhanova, Erzhen V. “People in Language Policy: Theory and Practice of the Discursive Turn in Sociolinguistics (Comparing Russia and Western Europe).” Acta Linguistica Petropolitana 16, no. 3 (2020): 756–815 [In Russian]. https://doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baar, Vladimir, and Daniel Jakubek. “Divided National Identity in Moldova.” Journal of Nationalism, Memory &amp; Language Politics 11, no. 1 (2017): 58–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baar, Vladimir, and Daniel Jakubek. “Divided National Identity in Moldova.” Journal of Nationalism, Memory &amp; Language Politics 11, no. 1 (2017): 58–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardinal Linda, and Selma Sonntag, eds. State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGillQueen’s University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardinal Linda, and Selma Sonntag, eds. State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGillQueen’s University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cash, Jennifer. “Origins, Memory, and Identity: “Villages” and the Politics of Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova.” East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 4 (2007): 588–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325407307351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cash, Jennifer. “Origins, Memory, and Identity: “Villages” and the Politics of Nationalism in the Republic of Moldova.” East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 4 (2007): 588–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325407307351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciscel, Matthew C. The Language of the Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and Identity in an Ex-Soviet Republic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciscel, Matthew C. The Language of the Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and Identity in an Ex-Soviet Republic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crowther, William. “Ethnic Politics and the Post-Communist Transition in Moldova.” Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1 (1998): 147–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crowther, William. “Ethnic Politics and the PostCommunist Transition in Moldova.” Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1 (1998): 147–164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cusco, Andrei. “The “Politics of Memory” and “Historical Policy” in Post-Soviet Moldova.” In The Convolutions of Historical Politics, edited by Alexei Miller and Maria Lipman, 175–210. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cusco, Andrei. “The “Politics of Memory” and “Historical Policy” in Post-Soviet Moldova.” In The Convolutions of Historical Politics, edited by Alexei Miller and Maria Lipman, 175–210. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keohane, Robert, and Joseph Nye, eds. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keohane, Robert, and Joseph Nye, eds. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King, Charles. “The Politics of Language in the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic.” East European Monographs, no. 2 (1996): 111–132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King, Charles. “The Politics of Language in the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic.” East European Monographs, no. 2 (1996): 111–132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knott, Eleanor. “What Does it Mean to Be a Kin Majority? Analyzing Romanian Identity in Moldova and Russian Identity in Crimea from Below.” Special Issue: New Frontiers in the Comparative Study of Ethnic Politics and Nationalism. Social Science Quarterly 96, no. 3 (2015): 830–859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knott, Eleanor. “What Does it Mean to Be a Kin Majority? Analyzing Romanian Identity in Moldova and Russian Identity in Crimea from Below.” Special Issue: New Frontiers in the Comparative Study of Ethnic Politics and Nationalism. Social Science Quarterly 96, no. 3 (2015): 830–859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kymlicka, William, and Alan Patten, eds. Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kymlicka, William, and Alan Patten, eds. Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marquardt, Kyle L. “Language, Ethnicity, and Separatism: Survey Results from Two Post-Soviet Regions.” British Journal of Political Science, no. 52 (2022): 1831–1851. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000533.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marquardt, Kyle L. “Language, Ethnicity, and Separatism: Survey Results from Two Post-Soviet Regions.” British Journal of Political Science, no. 52 (2022): 1831–1851. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123421000533.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">May, Stephen. “Introduction to Volume 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education, edited by Stephen May and Nancy H. Hornberger, xiii–xviii. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">May, Stephen. “Introduction to Volume 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 1: Language Policy and Political Issues in Education, edited by Stephen May and Nancy H. Hornberger, xiii–xviii. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negura, Petru, and Svetlana Suveica. “Everyday Ethnicity and Popular Responses to Nation-Building Projects in Moldova After 1989.” Comparative Southeast European Studies 71, no. 4 (2023): 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2023-0047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negura, Petru, and Svetlana Suveica. “Everyday Ethnicity and Popular Responses to Nation-Building Projects in Moldova After 1989.” Comparative Southeast European Studies 71, no. 4 (2023): 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2023-0047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillipson, Robert, and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. “The Politics and Policies of Language Teaching.” In The Handbook of Language Teaching, edited by Michael H. Long and Catherine J. Doughty, 26–41. Malden: Wiley, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillipson, Robert, and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. “The Politics and Policies of Language Teaching.” In The Handbook of Language Teaching, edited by Michael H. Long and Catherine J. Doughty, 26–41. Malden: Wiley, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmid, Carol L. The Politics of Language: Confl ict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmid, Carol L. The Politics of Language: Confl ict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siiner, Maarjia, Koreinik K., and Kara D. Brown, eds. Language Policy Beyond the State. Cham: Springer Cham, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52993-6_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siiner, Maarjia, Koreinik K., and Kara D. Brown, eds. Language Policy Beyond the State. Cham: Springer Cham, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52993-6_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simionov, Loredana M. “Shifting Attitudes Towards Identity, Borders and Geopolitical Choices: The Case of Moldova.” Regional Science Policy &amp; Practice, no. 15 (2022): 200–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simionov, Loredana M. “Shifting Attitudes Towards Identity, Borders and Geopolitical Choices: The Case of Moldova.” Regional Science Policy &amp; Practice, no. 15 (2022): 200–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sonntag, Selma K., and Mark Turin, eds. The Politics of Language Contact in Himalaya. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sonntag, Selma K., and Mark Turin, eds. The Politics of Language Contact in Himalaya. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2019. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
