<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2025-16-1-39-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-605</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Транспортная политика Европейского союза: между стратегическими целями и экономической реальностью</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transport Policy of the European Union: Between Strategic Goals and Economic Reality</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егор Александрович Сергеев, к.э.н., доцент, доцент Кафедры мировой экономики Факультета международных отношений,</p><p>119454, Москва, пр. Вернадского, 76.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egor A. Sergeev, PhD (Econ.), Associate Professor, Department of World Economy, School of International Relations, </p><p>76, Vernadsky avenue, Moscow, 119454.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergeev.e.a@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">MGIMO University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сергеев Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сергеев Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sergeev E.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/605">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/605</self-uri><abstract><p>Транспортный сектор представляет собой один из краеугольных камней единого внутреннего рынка Европейского союза. Логистически связывая входящие в интеграционное объединение государства, он одновременно рассматривается как один из источников вызовов, в первую очередь климатических. Из-за повышения значимости «зеленой» экономики все большую актуальность приобретают анализ и сопоставление регуляторных практик, инициируемых как на наднациональном, так и на национальном уровнях. В настоящем исследовании предпринимается попытка оценить современные составляющие целей транспортной политики ЕС и связать их с реальным положением вещей в отдельных элементах транспортного сектора объединения. В статье показаны заложенные в транспортной политике противоречия, заключающиеся в несоответствии ее целей и возможностей. В известной степени эта предпосылка затрудняет приложение концепции «круговой» европеизации к транспортной политике, которая регулирует уникальное по своим внутренним характеристикам хозяйственное явление. В работе описываются основные элементы транспортной политики ЕС, подчеркивается ее разветвленный и дифференцированный характер. Вместе с тем едва ли можно утверждать, что на протяжении эволюции произошли существенные изменения в ее целеполагании. Таким образом, данная политика вписывается в следующую логическую конструкцию: ее развитие, с одной стороны, зависит от глубины интеграции в ЕС, а с другой стороны, сдерживается изначально встроенными в интеграционную конструкцию дисбалансами. Именно эти дисбалансы не позволяют достичь поставленных целей в области сокращения выбросов и изменения соотношения между различными видами транспорта. Свои сложности имеются в вопросах развития транспортной инфраструктуры и привлечения инвестиций в эту сферу. В статье подчеркиваются неоднозначные характер и результативность транспортной политики Европейского союза ввиду упомянутой противоречивости рассматриваемой сферы. Такие итоги определяют направления будущих мер воздействия на транспортную сферу в ЕС с учетом принципиальной неспособности разрешить противоречие, состоящее в связанности экономического роста и повышения вредоносных выбросов в атмосферу.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The transport sector is one of the cornerstones of the European Union’s single internal market. While it allows to logistically connect the countries of the integration union, it also represents challanges, especially climate ones, as transportation is responsible for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the growing significance of this particular sector of the economy, it is becoming increasingly important to analyze and compare regulatory practices adopted at both supranational and national levels. The purpose of this research is to assess the current components of the EU transport policy objectives and to relate them to the reality of the individual elements of the EU transport sector. The article highlights the inconsistencies inherent in the implementation of transport policy due to the mismatch between its goals and capabilities. To a certain extent, this premise makes it difficult to apply the concept of Europeanization to transport policy, which regulates an economic phenomenon that is unique in its internal characteristics. The paper describes the key elements of the EU transport policy, emphasizing its extensive and differentiated nature. Nevertheless, it can hardly be said that there have been significant changes in its goal-setting during evolution. Thus, the policy fits into the following logical construction: its development depends on the depth of the EU integration on the one hand, and is constrained by inherent imbalances on the other. It is these imbalances that are currently preventing the achievement of emission reduction and modal shift targets.</p><p>The development of transport infrastructure and the stimulation of investment in this area are also problematic. The ambiguous nature of the effectiveness of the European Union’s transport policy is emphasized due to the above-mentioned controversies in this area. Such results determine the directions of future measures influencing the transport sphere in the EU, taking into account the fundamental inability to resolve the contradiction consisting in the connection between economic growth and the increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>транспортная политика</kwd><kwd>виды транспорта</kwd><kwd>транспортная инфраструктура</kwd><kwd>выбросы парниковых газов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>transport policy</kwd><kwd>transport modes</kwd><kwd>transport infrastructure</kwd><kwd>greenhouse gas emissions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта ИМИ «Параметры дестабилизации в Европе: социально-экономические, политические и ценностные аспекты» (проект № 2025-04-07).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The article was prepared with the financial support of the Institute for International Studies “Parameters of destabilization in Europe: socio-economic, political and axiological aspects”  (project No. 2025-04-07).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабынина, Л.О. Транспортная политика в 2019 г. // Европейский Союз: факты и комментарии. 2020. № 98. С. 29–34. https://doi.org/10.15211/eufacts420192934.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babynina, Liudmila O. “Transportnaya politika v 2019 g.” Evropeiskii Soyuz: fakty i kommentarii, no. 98 (2020): 29–34 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Варнавский, В.Г. Железные дороги ЕС: вклад в решение проблем декарбонизации // Современная Европа. 2024. № 2. С. 70–83. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708324020062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varnavskii, Vladimir G. “EU Railways: Contribution to Decarbonisation Solution.” Contemporary Europe – Sovremennaya Evropa, no. 2 (2024): 70–83 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воротников, В.В. Современное состояние и перспективы реализации проекта Rail Baltica // Международная аналитика. 2016. № 2(16). С. 27–36. https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2016-0-2-27-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorotnikov, Vladislav V. “The Present State and Prospects for Realization of Rail Baltica Project.” Journal of International Analytics, no. 2(16) (2016): 27–36 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунов, А.А. Политика Евросоюза по развитию транспортной инфраструктуры // Научно-аналитический журнал Обозреватель – Observer. 2015. № 9. С. 43–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunov, Anton A. “Politika Evrosoyuza po razvitiyu transportnoi infrastruktury.” Obozrevatel’ – Observer, no. 9 (2015): 43–51 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кислицина, Н.Ф. Транспортная политика Европейского союза: прошлое, настоящее, будущее // Научно-аналитический журнал Обозреватель – Observer. 2019. № 7. С. 82–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kislicina, Natalia F. “Transportnaya politika Evropeiskogo soyuza: proshloe, nastoyashchee, budushchee.” Obozrevatel’ – Observer, no. 7 (2019): 82–92 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колесникова, М.Л. Морская политика Европейского союза и ее экономические аспекты // Современная Европа. 2017. № 4. С. 78–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikova, Marina L. “Maritime Policy of the European Union and its Economic Aspects.” Contemporary Europe – Sovremennaya Evropa, no. 4 (2017): 78–86 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пак, Е.В., Полянова, Т.Н. Единая транспортная политика Европейского союза: как пример Евразийского экономического союза // Вестник МГИМО -Университета. 2015. № 3(42). С. 199–209. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-3-42-199-209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pak, Egor V., and Tatyana N Polyanova. “Common Transport Policy of the European Union: a Road Map for the Eurasian Economic Union.” MGIMO Review of International Relations 42, no. 3 (2015): 199–209 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сергеев, Е.А., Воротников, В.В. Стратегия Европейского Союза в условиях глобальной перестройки: автономия или эвтаназия? М.: Издательство «МГИМО-Университет», 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergeev, Egor A., and Vladislav V. Vorotnikov. Strategiya Evropeiskogo Soyuza v usloviyakh global’noi perestroiki: avtonomiya ili evtanaziya? Moscow: MGIMO University, 2023 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aparicio, Ángel. “The Changing Decision-Making Narratives in 25 Years of TEN-T Policies.” Transportation Research Procedia, 25 (2017): 3715–3724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aparicio, Ángel. “The Changing Decision-Making Narratives in 25 Years of TEN-T Policies.” Transportation Research Procedia, 25 (2017): 3715–3724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aditjandra, Paulus T. “Europe’s Freight Transport Policy: Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation.” In Preparing for the New Era of Transport Policies: Learning from Experience, edited by Yoram Shiftan and Maria Kamargianni, 197–243, 1st ed. 2018. https://doi:10.1016/bs.atpp.2018.07.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aditjandra, Paulus T. “Europe’s Freight Transport Policy: Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation.” In Preparing for the New Era of Transport Policies: Learning from Experience, edited by Yoram Shiftan and Maria Kamargianni, 197–243, 1st ed. 2018. https://doi:10.1016/bs.atpp.2018.07.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bednarz-Okrzyńska, Kamila. “Transport Policy of European Union Member States in the Period 2008– 2023.” European Research Studies Journal 27, no. 4 (2024): 1479–1489. https://doi:10.35808/ersj/3586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bednarz-Okrzyńska, Kamila. “Transport Policy of European Union Member States in the Period 2008– 2023.” European Research Studies Journal 27, no. 4 (2024): 1479–1489. https://doi:10.35808/ersj/3586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castro-Nuno, Mercedes, Jose I. Castillo-Manzano, and Xavier Fageda. The ‘Europeanization’ of the Common Road Safety Policy: an Econometric Analysis. Palermo, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castro-Nuno, Mercedes, Jose I. Castillo-Manzano, and Xavier Fageda. The ‘Europeanization’ of the Common Road Safety Policy: an Econometric Analysis. Palermo, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">del Rosal, Ignacio. “European Dieselization: Policy Insights from EU Car Trade.” Transport Policy 115 (2022): 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.11.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">del Rosal, Ignacio. “European Dieselization: Policy Insights from EU Car Trade.” Transport Policy 115 (2022): 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.11.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolge, Kristiāna, Aiga Barisa, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, and Dagnija Blumberga. “The Status Quo of the EU Transport Sector: Cross-Country IndicatorBased Comparison and Policy Evaluation.” Applied Energy 334 (2023): 120700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120700.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolge, Kristiāna, Aiga Barisa, Vladimirs Kirsanovs, and Dagnija Blumberga. “The Status Quo of the EU Transport Sector: Cross-Country IndicatorBased Comparison and Policy Evaluation.” Applied Energy 334 (2023): 120700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120700.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernández-i-Marín, Xavier, Christoph Knill, Christina Steinbacher, and Dionys Zink. “Tackling Blind Spots in Europeanisation Research: The Impact of EU Legislation on National Policy Portfolios.” Journal of European Public Policy, September 3 (2024): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2024.2397129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández-i-Marín, Xavier, Christoph Knill, Christina Steinbacher, and Dionys Zink. “Tackling Blind Spots in Europeanisation Research: The Impact of EU Legislation on National Policy Portfolios.” Journal of European Public Policy, September 3 (2024): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2024.2397129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleur, Fragola. “Dynamics of EU Transport Safety Regulation in the European Policy Process: Differences and Similarities.” Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (2009): 332–355. https://doi:10.30950/jcer.v5i3.167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleur, Fragola. “Dynamics of EU Transport Safety Regulation in the European Policy Process: Differences and Similarities.” Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 3 (2009): 332–355. https://doi:10.30950/jcer.v5i3.167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giorgi, Liana, and Michael Schmidt. “European Transport Policy – A Historical and Forward Looking Perspective.” German Policy Studies 4, no. 2 (2002): 1–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giorgi, Liana, and Michael Schmidt. “European Transport Policy – A Historical and Forward Looking Perspective.” German Policy Studies 4, no. 2 (2002): 1–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gössling, Stefan, and Scott Cohen. “Why Sustainable Transport Policies Will Fail: EU Climate Policy in the Light of Transport Taboos.” Journal of Transport Geography 39 (2014): 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.07.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gössling, Stefan, and Scott Cohen. “Why Sustainable Transport Policies Will Fail: EU Climate Policy in the Light of Transport Taboos.” Journal of Transport Geography 39 (2014): 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.07.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paolo R. Graziano, and Maarten P. Vink. “Europeanization: Concepts, Theory; and Methods.” In The Member States of the European Union, edited by Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, 31–54, 2nd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199544837.003.0002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paolo R. Graziano, and Maarten P. Vink. “Europeanization: Concepts, Theory; and Methods.” In The Member States of the European Union, edited by Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, 31–54, 2nd. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199544837.003.0002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grzelakowski, Andrzej. “EU Transport Modal Shift Versus the Regulatory Requirements for Transport Sector’s Green Transformation Towards Climate Neutrality.” European Research Studies Journal 27, no. 3 (2024): 324–340. https://doi:10.35808/ersj/3437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grzelakowski, Andrzej. “EU Transport Modal Shift Versus the Regulatory Requirements for Transport Sector’s Green Transformation Towards Climate Neutrality.” European Research Studies Journal 27, no. 3 (2024): 324–340. https://doi:10.35808/ersj/3437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haywood, Luke, and Michael Jakob. “The Role of the Emissions Trading Scheme 2 in the Policy Mix to Decarbonize Road Transport in the European Union.” Transport Policy 139 (2023): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.06.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haywood, Luke, and Michael Jakob. “The Role of the Emissions Trading Scheme 2 in the Policy Mix to Decarbonize Road Transport in the European Union.” Transport Policy 139 (2023): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.06.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemkuhl, Dirk. “Harmonisation and Convergence: National Responses to the Common European Transport Policy.” German Policy Studies 2, no. 4 (2002): 1–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemkuhl, Dirk. “Harmonisation and Convergence: National Responses to the Common European Transport Policy.” German Policy Studies 2, no. 4 (2002): 1–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moszczyńska, Aneta. “The European Union Transport Policy: Essence, Progress, Problems and Development Prospects.” Studium Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, 2022, 134–152. https://doi:10.59861/ansgk.2353-8392.2022.2.pp134-152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moszczyńska, Aneta. “The European Union Transport Policy: Essence, Progress, Problems and Development Prospects.” Studium Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, 2022, 134–152. https://doi:10.59861/ansgk.2353-8392.2022.2.pp134-152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paprocki, Wojciech. “EU Transport Policy Failure: The Case of Germany’s Mindestlohngesetz.” In Transport Development Challenges in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Monika Bąk, 51–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26848-4_6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paprocki, Wojciech. “EU Transport Policy Failure: The Case of Germany’s Mindestlohngesetz.” In Transport Development Challenges in the TwentyFirst Century, edited by Monika Bąk, 51–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26848-4_6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponti, Marco, Andrea Boitani, and Francesco Ramella. “The European Transport Policy: Its Main Issues.” Case Studies on Transport Policy 1, no. 1–2 (2013): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2013.07.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponti, Marco, Andrea Boitani, and Francesco Ramella. “The European Transport Policy: Its Main Issues.” Case Studies on Transport Policy 1, no. 1–2 (2013): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2013.07.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radaelli, Claudio M. “The Europeanization of Public Policy.” In The Politics of Europeanization, edited by Kevin Featherstone and Claudio M. Radaelli, 27–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaelli, Claudio M. “The Europeanization of Public Policy.” In The Politics of Europeanization, edited by Kevin Featherstone and Claudio M. Radaelli, 27–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saurugger, Sabine. “Europeanisation in Times of Crisis.” Political Studies Review 12, no. 2 (2014): 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saurugger, Sabine. “Europeanisation in Times of Crisis.” Political Studies Review 12, no. 2 (2014): 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serafimova, Teodora, Matthias Finger, and Juan Montero. Modal Shift: The Moment of Truth. Main Takeaways and Lessons Learnt from the European Year of Rail. European University Institute, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2870/26564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serafimova, Teodora, Matthias Finger, and Juan Montero. Modal Shift: The Moment of Truth. Main Takeaways and Lessons Learnt from the European Year of Rail. European University Institute, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2870/26564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malmborg, Fredrik Von. “Advocacy Coalitions and Policy Change for Decarbonisation of International Maritime Transport: The Case of Fuel EU Maritime.” Maritime Transport Research 4 (2023): 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2023.100091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malmborg, Fredrik Von. “Advocacy Coalitions and Policy Change for Decarbonisation of International Maritime Transport: The Case of Fuel EU Maritime.” Maritime Transport Research 4 (2023): 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.martra.2023.100091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tagliapietra, Simone, and Georg Zachmann. Addressing Europe’s Failure to Clean up the Transport Sector. Brussels: Bruegel, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tagliapietra, Simone, and Georg Zachmann. Addressing Europe’s Failure to Clean up the Transport Sector. Brussels: Bruegel, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zell-Ziegler, Carina, Johannes Thema, Benjamin Best, and Frauke Wiese. Sufficiency in Transport Policy – an Analysis of EU Countries’ National Energy and Climate Plans and Long-term Strategies. Stockholm, 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zell-Ziegler, Carina, Johannes Thema, Benjamin Best, and Frauke Wiese. Sufficiency in Transport Policy – an Analysis of EU Countries’ National Energy and Climate Plans and Long-term Strategies. Stockholm, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
