<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">imi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международная аналитика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of International Analytics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-8476</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9633</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2587-8476-2026-17-2-102-125</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">imi-716</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ранний рост враждебности правительства США по отношению к постсоветской России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Early Rise of US Government Hostility Towards Post-Soviet Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ройс</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Royce</surname><given-names>D. P</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дилан Пэйн Ройс, научный сотрудник, Департамент международных отношений</p><p>119017, г. Москва, ул. Малая Ордынка, 17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dylan Payne Royce, Research Fellow, School of International Affairs</p><p>17, Malaya Ordynka Ulitsa, Moscow, 119017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dproyce@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Факультет мировой экономики и мировой политики, Высшая Школа Экономики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs, Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ройс Д.П., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ройс Д.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Royce D.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/716">https://www.interanalytics.org/jour/article/view/716</self-uri><abstract><p>Риторика в Конгрессе США, а также расхождение между классификациями политического режима России, сделанными Домом Свободы* и проектом Polity, используются в данной статье, чтобы оценить, как менялось настроение США в отношении России с течением времени. Подход основан на понимании того, что классификации Дома Свободы* существенно искажаются общими настроениями США относительно классифицированных стран. Статья обнаруживает, что классификации России Домом Свободы* – произвольные по отношению к тому, что номинально оценивается. В частности, утверждения о фальсификации российских выборов опровергаются многолетними данными опросов. Сравнение двух проектов дает схожие результаты: слегка отрицательное настроение США относительно России на протяжении большей части 1990-х гг. его резкое ухудшение с середины 1998 по 1999 гг.; постоянное ухудшение до 2014 гг.; окончательное скатывание к максимальной враждебности, завершившееся в 2016 году.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article employs rhetoric in the US Congress, as well as th e divergence between Freedom House1, Inc (Freedom House, FH* – деятельность организации признана нежелательной на территории Российской Федерации) and Polity evaluations of Russia’s regime type, to quantitatively estimate the US government’s attitude towards Russia over time. Congressional rhetoric is hand-coded on the basis of strict criteria. The FH*–Polity approach is based on preexisting findings that FH* evaluations are distorted by US government attitudes; this article similarly finds that FH’s* evaluations of Russia are quite arbitrary, including in that FH’s* claims of Russian election falsification are contradicted by years of polling data. The Congressionalrhetoric and FH*–Polity approaches yield very similar results, indicating a slightly negative US attitude towards Russia through most of the 1990s, a sharp decline to hostility from mid-1998 through 1999, a steady continued worsening of the now strongly-negative attitude until 2014, and then a final collapse to maximum animosity that is completed in 2016. Such findings contradict the prevailing view of a later US turn against Russia, and they have significant implications for understanding when and why US-Russian conflict became inevitable.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Дом Свободы*</kwd><kwd>индекс Polity</kwd><kwd>политический режим</kwd><kwd>демократия</kwd><kwd>выборы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>Freedom House*</kwd><kwd>Polity</kwd><kwd>regime type</kwd><kwd>bias</kwd><kwd>democracy</kwd><kwd>elections</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева, В. Россия и США: Размышляя над конфликтом // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2017. Т. 61. № 5. С. 5–13. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-5-5-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva, V. “Russia and the USA: Reflecting on the Conflict.” World Economy and International Relations 61, no. 5 (2017): 5–13 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косов, А.П. К вопросу о периодизации российско-американских отношений в контексте эволюции внешней политики России // Актуальные проблемы международных отношений: материалы VI Международной научно-практической конференции, 19–20 мая 2022 г. Витебск: Витебский государственный университет им. П.М. Машерова, 2022. С. 208–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosov, A. “On the periodization of Russian-American relations within the context of Russian foreign policy’s evolution.” In Materials of the 6th International Scentific-Practical Conference, 208–215. Vitebsk: Vitebsk State University, 2022 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кухаренко, С.В. Динамика и причины ухудшения российско-американских отношений // Американистика на Дальнем Востоке. Благовещенск: Благовещенский государственный педагогический университет, 2016. С. 43–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kukharenko, Sergey V. “The Course and Causes of the Decline in Russian-American Relations.” In American studies in the Far East, 43–49. Blagoveshchensk: Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 2016 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ознобищев, С.К. Трансформация российско-американских отношений: объективные причины и субъективные мотивы // Полис. Политические исследования. 2009. № 1. С. 39–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oznobishchev, Sergey K. “Transformation of Russian-American Relations: Objective Causes and Subjective Motives.” Polis. Political Studies, no. 1 (2009): 39–49 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Травкина, Н.М. Антироссийские настроения в США: Эволюционные особенности // Россия и Америка в XXI веке. 2015. № 3. https://doi.org/10.18254/S207054760010539-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travkina, Natalia. “Anti-Russian Sentiment in the United States: Evolutionary Features.” Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 3 (2015) [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапшина, И.К. Динамика восприятия России в общественном мнении США по опросам службы Гэллапа, 2014-2019 // Американский ежегодник. Москва: Весь Мир, 2020. С. 38–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapshina, I. “Dynamics of Russia Perception in the US Public Opinion According to the Gallup Polls, 2014–2019.” In American Yearbook, 38–52. Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2020 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаклеина, Т.А. Россия и США в новом мировом порядке. Дискуссии в политико-академических сообществах России и США. 1991–2002. Москва: Институт США и Канады РАН, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakleina, Tatiana A. Russia and the United States in New World Order. Debates in Russian and American Academic and Political Communities (1991–2002). Moscow: Institute for the US and Canada Studies RAS, 2002 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambrosio, Thomas. “Russia’s Ukraine Intervention and Changes to American Perceptions of the Russian Threat: Executive Branch Testimony to the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, 2008–2016.” Journal of Global Security Studies 2, no. 2 (2017): 104–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogx004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambrosio, Thomas. “Russia’s Ukraine Intervention and Changes to American Perceptions of the Russian Threat: Executive Branch Testimony to the House and Senate Armed Services Committees, 2008–2016.” Journal of Global Security Studies 2, no. 2 (2017): 104–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogx004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayulgen, Oksan, and Ekim Arbatli. “Cold War Redux in US-Russia Relations? The Effects of US Media Framing and Public Opinion of the 2008 Russia-Georgia War.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 513–527.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayulgen, Oksan, and Ekim Arbatli. “Cold War Redux in US-Russia Relations? The Effects of US Media Framing and Public Opinion of the 2008 Russia-Georgia War.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, no. 4 (2013): 513–527.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlsson, Marta, and Mike Winnerstig. Irreconcilable Differences: Analysing the Deteriorating Russian-US Rela_tions. Stockholm: FOI Kitsa, 2016. Center for Systemic Peace. Polity V dataset. 7 February 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlsson, Marta, and Mike Winnerstig. Irreconcilable Differences: Analysing the Deteriorating Russian-US Rela_tions. Stockholm: FOI Kitsa, 2016. Center for Systemic Peace. Polity V dataset. 7 February 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foglesong, David. The American Mission and the ‘Evil Empire’: The Crusade for a ‘Free Russia’ Since 1881. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foglesong, David. The American Mission and the ‘Evil Empire’: The Crusade for a ‘Free Russia’ Since 1881. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frye, Timothy, Scott Gehlbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, and Ora John Reuter. “Is Putin’s Popularity Real?” Post-Soviet Affairs 33, no. 1 (2017): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1144334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frye, Timothy, Scott Gehlbach, Kyle L. Marquardt, and Ora John Reuter. “Is Putin’s Popularity Real?” Post-Soviet Affairs 33, no. 1 (2017): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2016.1144334.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Royce, Dylan Payne. “The Behavior of Particularistic and Universalistic States.” Russia in Global Affairs 23, no.1 (2025): 70–99. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2025-23-1-70-99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Royce, Dylan Payne. “The Behavior of Particularistic and Universalistic States.” Russia in Global Affairs 23, no.1 (2025): 70–99. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2025-23-1-70-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Royce, Dylan Payne. “Freedom House* Ratings’ Distortion by US Attitude.” International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 23, no. 3 (2026): 41–63. https://doi.org/10.46272/IT.2025.23.3.82.4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Royce, Dylan Payne. “Freedom House* Ratings’ Distortion by US Attitude.” International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 23, no. 3 (2026): 41–63. https://doi.org/10.46272/IT.2025.23.3.82.4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mankoff, Jeffrey. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mankoff, Jeffrey. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mankoff, Jeffrey. “Russia and the West: Taking the Longer View.” The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 2 (2007): 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1162/wash.2007.30.2.123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mankoff, Jeffrey. “Russia and the West: Taking the Longer View.” The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 2 (2007): 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1162/wash.2007.30.2.123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFaul, Michael. From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFaul, Michael. From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin’s Russia. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simes, Dimitri K. “Losing Russia: The Costs of Renewed Confrontation.” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6 (2007): 36–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simes, Dimitri K. “Losing Russia: The Costs of Renewed Confrontation.” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6 (2007): 36–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsygankov, Andrei. “The Dark Double: the American Media Perception of Russia as a neo-Soviet Autocracy, 2008–2014.” Politics 37, no. 1 (2016): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/026339571562694.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsygankov, Andrei. “The Dark Double: the American Media Perception of Russia as a neo-Soviet Autocracy, 2008–2014.” Politics 37, no. 1 (2016): 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/026339571562694.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
