The Chinese School of IR – Success of the Research Program
https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-2-74-91
Abstract
The current social organisation of academic science in China has created special conditions for the development of theoretical knowledge in the country. Classical Chinese philosophy, as well as the rich historical experience of interstate relations in East Asia, remains an important component of the successful development of Chinese theories of international relations. At the same time, issues of theory development have for many years occupied a central place in the scientific community of the People’s Republic of China, as has the system of motivation of research personnel and methodological training of researchers. The article examines the main stages in the development of the Chinese school as a non-Western approach to the theory of international relations, playing particular attention to institutional aspects from the perspective of the sociology of science.
About the Author
A. I. KozinetsRussian Federation
Andrei I. Kozinets, PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of International Studies
10, Ayaks settlement, Russky Island, Vladivostok, 690922
References
1. Alekseeva, Tatiana A. Theory of International Relations as a Political Philosophy and Science. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2019 [In Russian].
2. Buzan, Barry. “The Science of International Relations is the Domain of a Select Circle of States...” International Trends, no. 3–4 (2012): 73–82 [In Russian].
3. Vinogradov, Andrei V., Salickij, Alexander I. “Is it Possible to Talk about the Formation of a New Social Order in China?” Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 2 (2019): 172–178 [In Russian].
4. Grachikov, Evgeniy N. “Chinese International Relations Theory.” International Trends, no. 3 (2016): 68–80 [In Russian].
5. Grachikov, Evgeniy N. The Chinese School of International Relations: on the Way to Big Theories. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2021 [In Russian].
6. Krivokhizh, Svetlana V., Soboleva, Elena D. “The Past Serving the Present: Yan Xuetong’s Theory of Moral Realism and the Future of the Global Order.” World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2017): 76–84 [In Russian].
7. Lakatos, Imre. Selected Works on Philosophy and Methodology of Science. Moscow: Academic Project, 2008 [In Russian].
8. Piatachkova, Anastasiia S. “The Chinese School of International Relations in Russian Scholarship.” Russian Sinology, no 3 (2023): 53–68 [In Russian].
9. Sokolov, Mikhail M., Titaev, Kirill D. “Provincial and Native Science.” Forum for Anthropology and Culture, no. 19 (2013): 239– 275 [In Russian].
10. Foucault, Michelle. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Saint-Petersburg.: Gumanitarnaya akademiya, 2012 [In Russian].
11. Foucault, Michelle. We need to Protect Society: A Course of Lectures Delivered at the College de France in the 1975–1976 Academic Year. Saint-Petersburg: Nauka, 2005 [In Russian].
12. Tsygankov, Andrei P. “Russia International Relations Theory: What Should it be Like?” Comparative politics, no. 2 (2014): 65–83.
13. Babones, Salvatore. American Tianxia: Chinese Money, American Power, and the End of History. Bristol: Policy Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t88xx8.
14. Bajpai, Kanti. “Obstacles to Good Work in Indian International Relations.” International Studies, no. 1–2 (2009): 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088171004600208.
15. Buzan, Barry, “China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise’ Possible?”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3, no. 1 (2010): 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop014
16. Deng, Yong. “The Chinese Conception of National Interests in International Relations.” The China Quarterly 154 (1998): 308–329. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000002058.
17. Khong, Yuen F. “The American Tributary System.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 6, no. 1 (2013): 1–47.
18. Kristensen, Peter M., Nielsen, Ras T. “Constructing a Chinese International Relations Theory: A Sociological Approach to Intellectual Innovation.” International Political Sociology 7, no. 1 (2013): 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12007.
19. Li, Bin. “Insights into the Mozi and their implications for the Study of Contemporary International Relations”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 3 (2009): 421–454. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop005.
20. Luo, Zhitian. “From ‘Tianxia’ (all under Heaven) to the World’: Changes in Late Qing Intellectuals’ Conceptions of Human Society.” Social Sciences in China 29, no. 2 (2008): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529200802091276.
21. Matoo, Amitabh. “The State of International Studies in India.” International Studies, no. 1–2 (2009): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088171004600204.
22. Shambaugh, David, Wang, Jisi. “Research on International Studies in the People’s Republic of China. Political Science and Politics, no. 4 (1984): 758–764. https://doi.org/10.2307/418762.
23. Tang, Shiping. On Social Evolution: Phenomenon and Paradigm. London: Routledge, 2020.
24. Thuy, Do T. “China’s Rise and the ‘Chinese Dream’ in International Relations Theory.” Global Change, Peace & Security 27, no. 1 (2015): 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2015.995612.
25. Qin, Yaqing. “A Relational Theory of World Politics”. International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viv031.
26. Qin, Yaqing. “International Society as a Process: Institutions, Identities, and China’s Peaceful Rise”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 3, no. 2 (2010):129–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poq007.
27. Qin, Yaqing. “Why There is no Chinese International Relations Theory?” International Relations of the Asia Pacific 7, no. 3 (2007): 313–340.
28. Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2010.
29. Wang, Jisi. “China’s Search for a Grand Strategy: A Rising Great Power Finds Its Way.” Foreign
30. Affairs 90, no. 2 (2011): 68–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25800458.
31. Wang, Jiangli, Buzan, Barry. “The English and Chinese Schools of International Relations: Comparisons and Lessons.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7, no. 1 (2014): 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pot017.
32. Whitley, Richard. The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
33. Wang, Yiwei. “China: Between Copying and Constructing.” In International Relations Scholarship around the World, edited by Arlene B. Tickner, Ole Wæver, 103–119. London: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203885451.
34. Yan, Fengqiao. “The Academic Profession in China in the Context of Social Transition: An Institutional Perspective.” European Review 18, no. S1 (2010): 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798709990342.
35. Yan, Xuetong. Ancient Chinese Thought, Modern Chinese Power. Princeton University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt32bbm1.
36. Yan, Xuetong. “Political Leadership and Power Redistribution”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 9, no. 1 (2016): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pow002.
37. Yan, Xuetong. “Xun Zi’s Thoughts on International Politics and their Implications”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 1 (2008): 135–165.
38. Zhao, Keijin. “China’s Rise and Its Discursive Power Strategy.” Chinese Political Science Review, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-016-0027-x.
39. Zhao, Tingyang. “Political World Philosophy in Terms of All-under-Heaven (Tian-Xia).” Diogenes 56, no 1 (2009): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192109102149.
40. Zhao, Tingyang. Redefining a Philosophy for World Governance. Palgrave Pivot Singapore, 2019.
41. Zhao, Tingyang. “Rethinking Empire from a Chinese Concept ‘All-under-Heaven’ (Tian-xia).” Social Identities 12, no. 1 (2006): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630600555559.
42. Zhang, Yongjin “International Relations Theory in China Today: The State of the Field.” The China Journal 47, no. 1 (2002): 101–108.
43. Zhang, Yongjin. “The ‘English School’ in China: A Travelogue of Ideas and Their Diffusion.” European Journal of International Relations 9, no. 1 (2003): 87–114.
44. Zhang, Yongjin, Chang, Teng-Chi, eds. Constructing a Chinese School of International Relations: Ongoing Debates and Sociological Realities. London: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315692432.
45. 胡守钧: “社会共生论”, 复旦大学出版社, 2006. Hu, Shoujun. A Theory of Social Symbiosis. Fudan University Publishing House, 2006 [In Chinese].
46. 简军波: “从“民族国家体系”到“天下体系”:可能的国际秩序?” «国际关系研究», 2015年 第一期, 第 37-40页.
47. Jian, Junbo. “From ‘Nation-State System’ to ‘World System’: Possible International Order?” International Relations Research, no. 1. (2015): 37–40 [In Chinese].
48. 任剑涛: “当代中国的国际理念:融入“世界”,抑或重启“天下”?” «山西师大学报(社会科学版)», 2020年 第五期, 第1-15页.
49. Ren, Jiantao. “The International Concept of Contemporary China: To Integrate into the World or to Restart the ‘World’?” Journal of Shanxi Normal University (Social Science Edition), no. 5 (2020): 1–15 [In Chinese].
50. 任晓: “从世界政府到“共生和平”” «国际观察»,2019年 第一期, 第36-50页
51. Ren, Xiao. “From World Government to Symbiotic Peace” International Review, no. 1 (2019): 36–50 [In Chinese].
52. 阮建平: “话语权与国际秩序的建构” «现代国际关系» ,2003年 第五期,第31-59页.
53. Ruan, Jianping. “Discourse Power and the Construction of International Order.” Modern International Relations, no. 5 (2003): 31–59 [In Chinese].
54. 王逸舟: “当代国际政治析论”, 人民出版社, 1995.
55. Wang, Yizhou. Analysis of Contemporary International Politics. People’s Publishing House, 1995 [In Chinese].
56. 阎学通: “中国国家利益分析”, 天津人民出版社,1996.
57. Yan, Xuetong. Analysis of National Interests of China. Tianjin People’s Publishing House, 1996 [In Chinese].
Review
For citations:
Kozinets A.I. The Chinese School of IR – Success of the Research Program. Journal of International Analytics. 2024;15(2):74-91. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2024-15-2-74-91