Генезис польского популизма (1945–2023) и его влияние на трансформацию и поддержку «Права и справедливости*»

В статье анализируется процесс формирования и утверждения польского популизма на современном этапе в лице правящей партии «Право и справедливость» (ПиС, Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc) с применением теоретического аппарата неоинституционализма, а также исторического и сравнительного подходов. Рассматриваются как общие черты популизма, так и особенные для Восточной Европы. Также изучается процесс развития представлений, практик и результатов, способствующих укоренению популистских ценностей и картины мира в польском общественном сознании в рамках концепции колеи зависимости (path dependence). В заключительной части описываются сущностные ориентиры, идеология, программа и электорат ПиС. Партия сравнивается со своим главным конкурентом «Гражданской платформой» (ГП, Platforma Obywatelska) с точки зрения стратегии, также упоминаются конкретные результаты правления ПиС. Польша отличается слабыми и неустойчивыми связями между избирателями и партиями, что приводит к отсутствию стабильной социальной базы поддержки у партий и, в свою очередь, ведет к их постоянному дроблению, высокой партийной волатильности. Партии в Польше исторически являются организациями с самым низким уровнем общественного доверия. В подобном контексте партии, которые смогут по-настоящему привлечь избирателя, моментально окажутся в более выгодном положении. Одним из наиболее подходящих методов потому являются простые, зачастую примитивные лозунги, непримиримость дискурса, агрессивность риторики, невыполнимые обещания всеобщего изобилия, резкое противопоставление себя всем остальным и отказ от демократических норм представительства в пользу сильного лидерства, то есть классический популизм.

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