Подходы ЕС к управлению миграционными потоками в Сахеле и их последствия для региона

С начала прошлого десятилетия Европейский союз активно вовлечен в политические процессы в Сахеле. Регион, в котором расположены беднейшие страны мира, стал приоритетом внешней политики Брюсселя во многом из-за европейского миграционного кризиса (2014–2015). Через дестабилизированный транснациональным терроризмом регион в Европу стремились сотни тысяч человек. В ответ на это ЕС начал выстраивать комплексную систему управления миграционными потоками: были запущены гражданские и военные миссии; создан целевой фонд, финансировавший проекты по управлению границами; созданы и внедрены технические решения для контроля совместно с МОМ и Интерполом. С 2016 г. миграционный поток пошел на спад. Однако политика ЕС привела к целому ряду непредвиденных последствий для региона. Секьюритизация и криминализация миграционных потоков и услуг сахельских «перевозчиков» привела к срастанию этой сферы с транснациональной преступностью и экстремизмом. Внедрение цифровых систем мониторинга миграции ударило по жителям приграничных территорий и локальным силовым факторам, разрушив привычные практики жизнедеятельности. В статье рассматривается влияние подходов ЕС по управлению миграцией на ситуацию в регионе, оценивается их роль в дестабилизации сахельских стран.

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